Hazards and Risks of Earthquakes and Volcanoes

1. Hazards and Risks of Earthquakes and Volcanoes Geology 112 Section 1: T/Th, 0900-1015 Section 2: T/Th, 1330-1445 Paula Jefferis, Lecturer

2. Contact information: Instructor: Paula Jefferis Office: DH 419 Telephone: 408-924-5016 Email: paula.jefferis-nilsen@sjsu.edu

3. Welcome to the spring 2011 semester! • Wishing you success during the semester! • Regular attendance with active participation, understanding material, and completing assignments helps achieve this goal. • These classes are large so make a point of making a visit during office hours especially if the material is overwhelming http://www.sjsu.edu/people/paula.jefferis-nilsen

4. Natural Disasters, Patrick Abbott • 7th edition; ISBN 978-0-13-602007-3 Reading the entire chapter associated with topic will be helpful to understanding material in class.

5. Assignments and Percentage of Class

6. Assignments and Due Dates

7. All written work must be submitted to turnitin.com before class • Register and understand how the system works

8. Class organization • Introduction, formation of the Earth and plate tectonics • Volcanoes: geology, hazards, mitigation and prediction • Earthquakes: geology, seismology, hazards • Mitigation measures to reduce risk

9. Work load • Read appropriate pages in text • complete term paper, home analysis, exams on assigned dates • understand vocabulary and concepts • apply vocabulary and concepts to explain Earth’s processes • attend 1 Saturday field trip

10. Part I: Earth Process Physical map of the World 70% oceanic crust; 30% continental crust

11. Tectonic map of the world

12. Cross-section of the Earth showing earth processes producing earthquakes and volcanoes.

13. Part II: Volcanoes • Why are some volcanoes more destructive than others? • location • The Mt. St. Helens eruption, 1980

14. Volcanoes • Why do some volcanoes look different than others? • location • Mauna Loa, Hawaii

15. Volcanoes around the World

16. What type of hazards can you think of associated with a volcanic eruption? Hawaii

17. Volcanic Hazards Pyroclastic flows Ashfall Lahars Lava flow

18. Comparison of ash plumes Mt. St Helens was a relatively small eruption compared to prehistoric eruptions

19. Potential Risk Proximity and understanding of the volcano

20. Monitoring • Scientists document any change in volcanic activity with technology. • Volcanic eruptions have been predicted

21. Part III: Earthquakes • Where do earthquakes occur? • Why?

22. Why and where earthquakes and occur?

24. Earthquakes Today

27. Why earthquakes occur: release of energy Acceleration or push when seismic waves reach the Earth’s surface. Ground shaking

28. Earthquakes are caused when the Earth moves along faults Enriquillo-Plantain Garden Fault zone: 1860; 1770; 1751 –last earthquakes

29. Population and shaking Warmer colors equals higher population concentrations Stronger shaking is associated with population concentrations

30. Structural failure

31. Structural failure

32. 6,718,362 million people

34. What type of hazards can you think of associated with an earthquake? Anchorage, 1964 Coalinga, 1983 Indonesia, 2005

35. Earthquake Hazards Ground shaking Liquefaction Landslides Ground Rupture Tsunami

36. Earthquakes cannot be predicted

37. Preparedness • Retrofit structures known not to respond well in earthquakes.

38. Education • Local population understanding the potential hazard can reduce loss of life Putting Down Roots in Earthquake Country

39. Recovery • Federal, state and local agencies aid in the recovery of natural disasters. • Search and rescue volunteers • International help One small airport in Haiti. Difficult to deliver and distribute supplies.

40. Connection • Patterns and characteristics of earthquakes and volcanoes • The theory of plate tectonics helps explain this pattern • If people understand the possible hazards, preparation can help reduce the risk

41. Remember! • Read text • Attend class • Ask questions • Equals success in this class!