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Exploring States of Matter: From Solid to Bose-Einstein Condensate

Discover how states of matter transition from solid to plasma, including the fascinating Bose-Einstein Condensate state at ultra-low temperatures, explained with examples and demonstrations. Learn about plasma, gas laws, changes of state, and the Nobel Prize-winning discovery.

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Exploring States of Matter: From Solid to Bose-Einstein Condensate

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  1. States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Bose-Einstein Condensate

  2. Solids Crystalline Very orderly 3-D pattern of particles Iron, diamond, ice Amorphous No specific orderly arrangement of particles Wax, rubber, glass

  3. Liquids Surface tension How many drops of water fit on a penny? Why do liquids form spherical drops? Caused by cohesive forces between liquid molecules Viscosity Which type of liquid flows the fastest? Viscosity is a liquid’s resistance to flow Ex: Honey high viscosity; water low viscosity

  4. Gases Boyle’s Law Gases exert pressure by bouncing off the walls of their container Proof of air pressure in the room? A fixed amt of gas at constant temp with constant # of molecules, vol and pressure vary inversely or indirectly (syringe demo) Inc pressure, dec vol Inc vol, dec pressure

  5. Gases Charles’ Law How were the balloons changed by temp diff? A fixed amt of gas at constant pressure with constant # of molecules, vol and temp vary directly Inc temp, inc vol Dec temp, dec vol Gas law demo

  6. Changes of State • States of matter change when the energy of the substance changes • Temperature is actually a measure of kinetic energy (energy of motion) • Two energy changes • Exothermic- E removed or released • Ex: freezing, etc • Endothermic- E absorbed or taken in • Ex: melting, etc

  7. Changes of State- Label the changes & white/yellow arrows? SOLID LIQUID GAS

  8. Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school…Until Now!

  9. Plasma Bose-EinsteinCondensate

  10. We all know about: SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES Lower Temperature Higher Temperature

  11. But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels…between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ? Will everything just be a gas?

  12. NO! If the gas is made up of particles which carry an electric charge (“ionized particles”), but the entire gas as a whole has no electric charge, and if the density is not too high, then we can get The 4th state of matter: PLASMA

  13. Plasma Particles are ions instead of complete neutral atoms The most abundant state of matter in the universe although rare on Earth Ex: stars, auroras, lightning, neon lights

  14. Some places where plasmas are found… 1.Flames

  15. 2. Lightning

  16. 3. Aurora (Northern Lights)

  17. 4. Neon lights

  18. 5. Stars Stars make up 99% of the total matter in the Universe.Therefore, 99% of everything that exists in the entire Universe is in the plasma state.

  19. The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state

  20. 6. Clouds of gas and dust around stars 6

  21. So now we know all about four states of matter: PLASMAS(only for low density ionized gases) LIQUIDS GASES SOLIDS Lower Temperature Higher Temperature

  22. But now what happens if you lower the temperature way, way, down to100 nano degrees above “Absolute Zero” (-273°C) Will everything just be a frozen solid?

  23. Not Necessarily! In 1924 (92 years ago), two scientists, Albert Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted a 5th state of matter which would occur at very very low temperatures. Einstein Bose +

  24. Finally, in 1995 (only 21 years ago!), Wolfgang Ketterle and his team of graduate students (like me) discovered the 5th state of matter for the first time. Ketterle and his students The 5th state of matter: Bose-Einstein Condensate

  25. In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms can no longer bounce around as individuals. Instead they must all act in exactly the same way, and you can no longer tell them apart!

  26. Here is a picture a computer took of Bose-Einstein Condensation The big peak happens when all the atoms act exactly the same way! (We can’t see Bose-Einstein condensation with our eyes because the atoms are too small)

  27. Some other computer images of Bose-Einstein Condensates…

  28. To really understand Bose-Einstein condensate you need to know Quantum Physics

  29. In 2002, Ketterle and two other scientists received the highest award in science for discovering Bose-Einstein condensate: The Nobel Prize

  30. The five states of matter: PLASMAS(only for low density ionized gases) BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE LIQUIDS SOLIDS GASES Lower Temperature Higher Temperature

  31. Now work on foldable • Foldable Must contain • States of matter, Name, class period • A picture, full definition, any properties associated with the state of matter, and 2 examples

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