Resonance Lecture 10

1. ResonanceLecture 10

2. Resonance • 3 Types: • Pharyngeal • Oral • Nasal Zemlin, pg 32.

3. Resonance • Introduction to vocal tract resonance • Terms and theory • Sound waves • Basics and for speech • Vocal tract formants Zemlin, pg 32.

4. Vocal Tract • Length: • Women: 14.7 cm • Men: 17.5 cm • Children: 8.75 cm • Can be thought of as a system of tubes Titze, I.R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production.

5. Vocal Tract • The vocal folds create the fundamental frequency (“pitch”) • The vocal tract gives us formants (resonances) Titze, I.R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production.

6. Basics of Resonance Source-Filter Theory of Voice Production Source = vocal folds (glottis) Filter = vocal tract (pharynx/oral cavity) “Whereas the glottis produces a sound of many frequencies, the vocal tract selects (filters) a subset of these frequencies for radiation from the mouth.” Note: This theory states that the vocal folds produce the fundamental frequency (pitch)- the vocal tract does not change the pitch Quote from: Titze, I.R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production.

7. Vocal Tract • Resonance: Enhancement of the intensity of a particular frequency component(s) with respect to the intensity of the other components that occurs when its frequency equals or is close to the natural frequency of vibration of an object. • Formant: A resonance of the vocal tract Titze, I.R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production.

8. Resonances • Remember from hearing physiology: • Resonance of ear canal: Around 2.5 kHz • Resonance of the concha: Around 5 kHz • The vocal tract also has multiple resonances (formants) • When talking about vowels, we usually discuss the first 2-3 formants, which vary based on the speech sound being produced Quote from: Titze, I.R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production.

9. Resonance • Introduction to vocal tract resonance • Terms and theory • Sound waves • Basics for speech • Vocal tract formants Zemlin, pg 32.

10. Mouth Pharynx Glottis Transmitted Reflected Incident Impedance

11. Standing Waves • N = node • A = antinode • Only occur in the vocal tract at resonant (formant) frequencies

12. Resonance • Introduction to vocal tract resonance • Terms and theory • Sound waves • Basics for speech • Vocal tract formants Zemlin, pg 32.

13. Quarter Wavelength Resonator • 4 x length of vocal tract = wavelength of the formant • This equation works for the first formant λ = c/f f = c/λ f = c/(4L) λ = wavelength c = 340 m/s (34,000 cm/s) f = frequency L = vocal tract length

14. Formants • As the vocal tract lengthens, the formant frequencies decrease • Shortening leads to an increase in formant frequencies • Some ways you can influence vocal tract length: • Lengthening: lowering larynx and/or lip rounding • Shortening: raising larynx and/or lip retracting • Your book states that the larynx can be raised or lowered by as much as 2 cm

15. Vocal Tract: Single Tube • Vocal tracts have more than one resonance (formant) • The following equation is used to find the frequency of a specific formant: Fn = (2n-1)(c/4L) F = formant n = formant number L = vocal tract length

16. Resonance • Introduction to vocal tract resonance • Terms and theory • Sound waves • Basics for speech • Vocal tract formants Zemlin, pg 32.

17. Articulation:AnatomyMuscle Physiology

18. Oral Cavity • Lips • Teeth • Tongue • Mandible • Palate • Hard • Soft Zemlin, pg 227.

19. Lips Innervated by CN VII: Facial Orbicularis oris • Principle muscle acting on the lips • Sphincter (circular) muscle • Contraction: closes and puckers lips Zemlin, pg 234.

20. Lips • Buccinator • Principle muscle of the cheeks • Inserts into the corners of the mouth • Contraction: compresses the lips and cheeks against the teeth, laterally pulls corners of mouth http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccinator_muscle

21. Lips • Risorius • Latin risus “laughter” • Parallel to buccinator • Inserts in corners of mouth • Contraction: laterally pulls corners of mouth Zemlin, pg 234.

22. Lips • Labii • Levator labii • Insert into the upper lip • Contraction: elevate upper lip • Depressor labii • Inserts into lower lip • Contraction: pulls lower lip down Zemlin, pg 234.

23. Lips • Zygomatic muscles • Insert into orbicularis oris, including at corners of mouth • Contraction: draws corners of the mouth into a smile Zemlin, pg 234.

24. Lips • Mentalis • Connects the mandible (jaw bone) and chin • Contraction: raises the lower lip, helps with lower lip protrusion Zemlin, pg 234.

25. Lips Anguli oris • Levator anguli oris • Insert: both upper and lower lips • Contraction: draws corners of the mouth upward, helps close mouth by drawing lower lip up • Depressor anguli oris • Insert: orbicularis oris, mouth angles • Contraction: draws corners of the mouth downward, helps close mouth by drawing upper lip down Zemlin, pg 234.

26. Lips Incisivus labii • Incisivus labii superior • Insert: corners of lips • Contraction: puckers lips pulling corners of mouth up and inward • Incisivus labii inferior • Insert: orbicularis oris, mouth angles • Contraction: puckers lips pulling corners of mouth down and inward Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception.

27. Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception.