Dr. K. S. Daya (PI ) & Prof . G.S.Tyagi (Co-PI) Microwave Physics Laboratory

1. Development of Low Cost Synchronization Oscillators for Stand Alone Communication Networks for Efficient Information Broadcasting in Geographically Challenging Locations (Submitted to Ministry of Human Resource & Development under the Scheme on National Mission on Education through Information and Technology) Dr. K. S. Daya (PI) & Prof. G.S.Tyagi (Co-PI) Microwave Physics Laboratory Department of Physics & Computer Science DayalbaghEducational Institute Dayalbagh, Agra – 282 110 In Collaboration with Dr. M. T. Sebastian (Co-PI) National Institute of Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR Laboratory) Trivandrum Prof. Norbert Klein (Co-PI) Chair in Electromagnetic Nanomaterials Department of Materials, Imperial College London South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ UK In support with JuhaMaata & Raj Bansal Rajiv Gandhi Center for Advanced Research Nokia Siemens Networks, Finland Imperial College London

2. The wireless communication sector represents one of the most important arenas of research and expansion. The last two decades has been considered to be the era of wireless communications being led by two major trends: • the outburst of wireless multiple access communications, • offering mobility to the telephone users and the mobile multimedia. In year 2002, the transmission of the data traffic started to exceed voice traffic. The numbers of mobile subscribers and internet users have also recorded a significant growth over the past few years.

3. Expectations The research community is presented with an expectation to accommodate these ever increasing demands with solutions through which it will be possible to access data and voice anytime, anywhere and at low cost. • Services and features expected • Freedom in Space • Freedom in Time • Freedom in Use Of Services Ubiquitous Network Society

4. Ubiquitous Connects everyone and everything Easy connection to networks anytime, anywhere, by anything and anyone • ICT will be everywhere in daily life for user-friendly society Person to person plus Person to Goods, and Goods to Goods • In every aspect, communication will take the more important role in society Unique Creative & Vigorous Create individual energy • A new society where your dreams come true Vitalize the society • Create new social systems and business services • Get out from the norm and realize local revitalization with creativity Universal User Friendly Friendly to people •Can be used by anyone without thinking of the equipment or network •The elderly and disabled will be able to participate in society with ICT User-oriented From the user’s viewpoint Close to the user • For a society that is user-orientated than a society where objects are given by the supplier • Developing technologies and services that are connected to the needs o Users can be suppliers • Create a total of 100 million prosumers.

5. Global Initiative Through ICT Japan Ubiquitous Network Zen Computing U-Japan USA Ubiquitous Computing Calm Computing Pervasive Computing Europe Ubiquitous Communications Ambient Intelligence Pervasive Computing Ever Net Korea U-Korea INDIA NMEICT Singapore Sentient Computing All the winds are blowing in the same direction to collectively create a Better World Order Through ICT

6. Immediate Challenges & Solutions Challenges are….. Need for a low cost sustainable communication network Solution is possible through Integration of different technology and decentralization of networks And one of the proposed solution is STAND ALONE NETWORKS

7. A Comparison …. Conventional Architecture

8. A Comparison …. Stand Alone Architecture

9. Drawbacks of Standalone networks Conventional Network Standalone network Control Point Core Network Perfect Synchronization through primary reference clock Loss of synchronization due to absence of PRC

10. Objective • Dielectric Resonator Oscillator (DRO) • High frequency • Low phase noise • Purpose of DRO • Reference for synchronization in the transceiver of stand alone networks • Advantages of DRO • Frequency stability • Temperature stablility • High Quality factor (50,000 – 120,000 at 2.4 GHz) • Dielectric resonator minimizes noise • Low construction cost

11. Word about the Partners Microwave Group at Dayalbagh • Established for last twenty years • Diverse experience in device design and characterization of dielectrics, ferrites and novel materials. • Industrial Experience at Nokia Siemens Networks in the RF research and development. • Well equipped high frequency measurement facility (Funding from NMEICT for pilot phase of the project)

12. National Partners Dr. M. T. Sebastian Dielectric & Ceramic Group National Institute of Interdisciplinary Science & Technology, Trivandrum. • More than 15 years of experience in synthesis of dielectric and ceramic materials for microwave applications • More than 200 publications and world known for their tailor made dielectric materials

13. International Partners Prof. Norbert Klein Imperial College, London • Prof. Klein’s Group at FZ- Juelich, Germany is world known for low phase noise measurements of Oscillators. • Extensive research publications & patents on microwave devices like filters, antennas and oscillators for communication networks. • Presently, the group at Imperial College is a pioneer in left handed materials and their applications in microwave systems.

14. Industrial Partners Nokia Siemens Networks Participating Member From Finland: Dr JuhaMaata From India: Dr Rajesh Bansal NSN are world leaders in networking and are the first to introduce and implement stand alone networks. Emisens Germany Specialist in interface development for microwave modules

15. Dielectric Resonator Oscillator Design Frequency – 2.4 GHz (Unlicensed Band) L.M. Gavrilovska and V. M. Atanasovski, “Interoperability in future wireless communications system: A roadmap to 4G,” Microwave Review, June 2007

16. Introduction Microwave Oscillator form the core component in communication and navigation link. The desired features in an Oscillators are: • Low Noise • Small Size • High Efficiency • Temperature stability • Reliability One of the solution is Dielectric Oscillator due to high Q, low loss and compactness for easy integration in embedded environment.

17. General Configuration of DRO An oscillator can be considered as a combination of an active and passive part. Oscillation conditions are defined by the transmission and reflection coefficients of the two modules. a’1 a1 Active Device Passive Circuit b1 b’1 a2 a’2 b2 b’2

18. Development Phase

19. Strategy Reverse Engineering A simple dielectric oscillator will be designed for characterization (dielectric materials tend to behave differently in an embedded environment from an isolated bounded medium) After isolated characterization of each elements, they will be tested on the oscillator. ( An idea about the possible source of noise at the beginning is better than debugging the complex design in maze!) Removal and know how of problem at the root point will lead to more efficient and perennial design.

20. Challenges and Solution Temperature stability and High Quality factor of the resonator. (Dr Sebastian will discuss) Jitter Noise at High Frequency Design of frequency selective slow wave structures like EBG for reduction of unwanted frequency. (A novel feature to attain nearly zero loss at room temperature)ResultsonEBG.ppt Phase Noise By having tailor made dielectric materials with high selectivity and Q.

21. Dielectric resonator Equivalent series impedance Where N =coupling factor/turn ratio Q=R/woL (unloaded resonator) Ratio of unloaded to external Q is given by where RL=2Zo for loaded resistance = Zo for l/4 transmission line

22. Continue (Dielectric resonator) Reflection coefficient looking on terminated microstrip feedline towards resonator is given by or Q can be determined by simple measurement of reflection coefficient

23. Dielectric resonator oscillator Series feedback Parallel feedback

24. But what we propose to do is… Creating structures which can ideally replace the PRC operating at cryogenic temperatures with novel structures and materials, but at very low cost!!! These Oscillators is proposed to design with stability of 5 ppm. (Existing – 40 ppm at Tranciever end) Prof. Klein….Presentation_Norbert_Ministry_India_1.ppt

25. Non-Recurring Budget DEI NIIST Imperial College

26. Recurring Budget

27. Outcomes Developed Oscillators will provide Sustainability Repeatability at low cost to stand alone networks at very low cost. This Technology will open up a new horizon of decentralized networks leading to a ubiquitous network society.NSN.ppt

28. Relevance to Mission Objective Comparison of CAPEX Conventional Network Stand Alone Network And a DRO to replace PRC Estimated cost ~ USD 200 Spectacular reduction in capex !!!

29. Proposed Outcome Proposed Oscillator will provide sustainability to the decentralized networks. Bring down the cost of installation operation and services considerably. Due to the optional need of the core network the architecture can provide ubiquitous connectivity.

30. Thank You