Cultural Exchanges and Louisiana Purchase: Historical Connections and Boundaries

1. Learning Goals • The students will understand the Cultural exchanges between the Indians and the settlers including the main items they introduced and traded with each other. • The students will gain an understanding of the Louisiana Purchase, the 3 expeditions following this purchase and the boundaries that were set with at least level 3 mastery on the comprehension chart.

2. Anticipation Chart What I Already Know What I Want To Know What I Learned

3. Cultural Exchanges • European-Indian contact began to cause change right away on both sides. Each contributed items to the others culture. • In addition to corn, beans, and squash, Indians introduced Europeans to pumpkins, avocados, pineapples, chocolate, and other edible products. • The Europeans brought peas, pears and apricots, as well as wheat • Indians continued to trade with Europeans for most of the metal items needs. Like Whites Indians wanted to own knives. • However, the most powerful metal item introduced to the Indians was the gun. Gun trading was lively, prosperous, and often times law breaking business for frontier traders

4. American Explorers • The European policy concerning land ownership in the New World was that the nation first discovering a region thereby secured legal ownership. The inhabitants of the land were insignificant, in the view of the European powers, and were considered chattel, or moveable property, of the discovering government. • After a discovery was made and claimed it became a pawn of peace, a spoil of war, or a tool of bargain, as the government saw fit.

5. Louisiana Purchase • In 1801 Robert Livingston, American Minister to France, began trying to buy the Isle of Orleans, a narrow strip of land along the lower Mississippi leading to the Gulf. • With several of his campaigns going badly, Napoleon Bonaparte found himself in need of funds. He decided to sacrifice his dreams of French Imperialism in the New World for the money he needed to fight his wars. • He instructed his minister of Finance to sell all of Louisiana. In May 1803 the United States virtually doubled itself in area by purchasing Louisiana from France for the sum of 15 million dollar. Thus Oklahoma became part of the United States.

6. Thomas Jefferson was President at the time of the Louisiana Purchase. There were no clear boundaries set for the territory, but Spain controlled the land to the California coast, and Jefferson knew an exact boundary needed top be established. The first expedition Jefferson sent out did not travel into Oklahoma. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned to explore the Missouri River westward to its source and to find a passage across the high mountains in the west Lewis and Clark Clark Lewis

8. Wilkinson and Pike • The second expedition commissioned by Jefferson was the first official expedition into Oklahoma. Zebulon Montgomery Pike and James Wilkinson set out in July 1806. • They were to follow the Arkansas River, exploring the territory all the way to its source and establish friendly relations with any people along the way. • They split up along the way and Pike took his men on to discover Pikes Peak in Colorado • Wilkinson stayed where he was and recorded all he had seen and these became the first official records of Oklahoma. • In his reports he referred to the land along the Arkansas River as a paradise and claimed he saw “enough deer, buffalo, and elk to feed all of the Indians in the United States for 100 Years.”

9. The third expedition did not take place until 1811 when George Sibley was curious about the strange stories he heard about the salt mountain and about the buffalo. Sibley was led across the praires of Kansas, Nebraska, and northern Oklahoma. He finally came to the Great Salt Plains which he said was “glistening like a brilliant field of snow in the summer sun.” Sibley made the first official record of the site which geologist later reported had once been a great salt sea. Great Salt Plains

11. Early Government • In 1812 the Territory of New Orleans was admitted to the Union as the state of Louisiana. The territory of Missouri was created and included the area that is now Oklahoma. • In 1819 Missouri Territory was divided and the Territory Arkansas was created, Northeastern and Southern boundaries matched those of today’s state of Arkansas but its western boundary extended all the way to the Spanish holdings on the west including Oklahoma. • Also in 1819 the southern and western boundaries of the area of the Louisiana Purchase were finally established. • The Adams-Onis Treaty and agreement between Spain and the United States set the following as the absolute boundary between America and Spanish holdings in the West. • West bank of the Sabine River from its mouth to the 32nd • Along the red river to the 100th meridian • North along the 100th to the Arkansas River

12. Oklahoma boundaries • By the same treaty Spain gave up all claims to Florida and Oregon, and the United States gave up all claims to Texas as part of the Louisiana Purchase. • Further, two future boundaries were established for the state – the Red River and the 100th Meridian

14. 1.) What was the European policy concerning land ownership? a.) The Nation that found the land should share it with the Indians b.) The Nation that found the land had ownership c.) All land should be commonly owned 2.) What was the most powerful metal item that was introduced to the Indians? a.) Guns b.) Swords c.) Automobile 3.) What are inhabitants? a.) People who sold land after they had discovered it b.) People who discovered new land c.) The people that were on the land before discovery 4.) What were the inhabitants of new found land considered? a.) Valuable slaves b.) Valuable for their knowledge in the surrounding land c.) Chattel, or moveable objects 5.) Who instructed the French minister of finance to sell all of Louisiana? a.) Napoleon b.) Christopher Columbus c.) Amerigo Vespucci 6.) Why did the French sell Louisiana? a.) Because the colonies of America forced them to. b.) Because they were constantly at war and needed money c.) Because they no longer wanted to be imperialist 7.) How much did the United States buy Louisiana for? a.) 15 Million dollars b.) 5 Million dollars c.) 15 Trillion dollars 8.) What did President Jefferson commission Lewis and Clark to do? a.) To clearly find a passage from the United States to Mexico b.) To find a passage through the high mountains of the West c.) To Find gold to fund the purchase of Louisiana 9.) Whose expedition was the first to include Oklahoma? a.) Lewis and Clark b.) Vespucci and Columbus c.) Wilkinson and Pike 10.) Who found the Great Salt Plains? a.) Sibley b.) Coronado c.) Cortez Chapters 3&4 Quiz

15. Chapters 3&4 Quiz 1.) Describe the European policy concerning land ownership in terms of new found land? 2.) What was the most powerful metal item that was introduced to the Indians? 3.) What are inhabitants? 4.) What were the inhabitants of new found land considered? 5.) Who instructed the French minister of finance to sell all of Louisiana? 6.) Why did the French sell Louisiana? 7.) How much did the United States buy Louisiana for? 8.) What did President Jefferson commission Lewis and Clark to do? 9.) Whose expedition was the first to include Oklahoma? 10.) Who found the Great Salt Plains?