230 likes | 317 Views
Learn about the physical characteristics, physiological effects, and clinical applications of infrared, microwave, and ultraviolet radiation. Discover the different types of radiation, modes of heat transfer, and clinical indications for these treatments.
E N D
Infrared • Infrared lamps emits electromagnetic radiation within frequency range heat absorbed by the matter. • IR is emitted by many sources (e.g. the sun).
Physical Characteristics • IR radiation has wave length of 770 nm to 1 mm. • Part of EM spectrum lying between visible light and microwave. • Divided into 3 bands: 1- IR-A: 770 to 1400 nm 2- IR-B: 1400 to 3000 nm 3- IR-C: 3000 to 106
Types of IR radiation (Used clinically) • Luminous (visible) • Non luminous (invisible) IR lamps available emit radiation of wave length 780 and 1500 nm.
Physical Behavior of IRR: • Reflected • Absorbed • Transmitted • Refracted • Diffracted
Physiological Effects of IRR: • Metabolic effect: • Increases metabolic activity. • Circular effect: • Increases blood flow superficially. • Neurological effects: • Increases nerve conduction velocity. • Cellular effects: • Increases elastic fibers in upper dermis. • Increases ground substance. • Alters composition of amino acid proteins.
Clinical (Therapeutic) Effects of IRR: • Pain • Muscle spasm • Joint stiffness • Tissue healing • Circulation • Edema • Skin lesion • Others: before stretching, mobilization, traction, massage, exercises, E.S. , bile pigments.
Modes of Heat Transfer • Radiation (lamp to body) • Convection and conduction ( through the body) Dosage • Sensory report of the patient • ِAdjusted by: • Changing power output of the lamp • Distance of lamp • Angle of incidence
Time of Application 10 – 20 minutes.
Microwave • E.M.R. between the radio waves and infrared. • Wavelength between 1 m and 1 cm. • Frequency between 30MHz – 30GHz. • Available since 1930 • Effective method of heating (highly vascular tissue)
Production of M.W. • High frequency oscillating current. • Magnetron to generate oscillating currents directly from high velocity electron motion. • Coaxial cable. • Antenna (emitter). • Intensity control. • Meter mean of switching. • Can be continuous or pulsed.
Ultraviolet Radiations • Physical properties of U.V. radiations: • Electromagnetic radiations. • Frequency 7.5x1014 to over 1015. • Wavelength 400nm to below 290nm. • Lies between x-ray and visible light. • Divided into three bands, A, B and C band. • A and B bands reach the earth, whereas C band is filtered by the ozone layer • Produce physiological effect by non thermal mechanism
Most significant source of U.V. is the sun. • Obeys inverse square and cosine law. • Intensity is proportional to the power of lamp output. • Deepest penetration with high intensity, long wavelength and lower frequency. • U.V.A penetrate farthest • U.V.B and U.V.C are less deep. • Less deep penetration if skin is thick or dark.
Physiological Effects of U.V.R 1- Erythema production: • Redness. • Depends on the amount of U.V. • Types of erythema. • High dose destructive.
2- Tanning: Delayed pigmentation of the skin • Caused by: • Increase production and upward migration of melanin granules • Oxidation of premelanin in the skin • Protective response of the body
3- Epidermal hyperplasia • Thickening of the superficial layer of skin. • 72 hours after exposure. • Persists for several weeks. • Protective mechanism. 4- Vitamin D Synthesis • Conversion of provitamin D to vitamin D. 5- Other Effects • Bactericidal effect.
Erythemal Respons • Suberythemal dose (SED) : • No change in 24h after exposure. • Minimal erythema dose (MED) : • Smallest dose erythema (8h) • Dissapears within 24 hours
First-degree erythema (E1) : • Definite redness with mild desquamation. • Appears within 6 hours. • Lasts for 1 – 3 days • About 2.5 times MED • Second degree erythema (E2) • Intense erythema with edema, peeling and pigmentation. • Appears within 2 hours or less. • Like severe sun burn. • About 5 times MED.
Third degree erythema (E3) : • Erythema with severe blistering, peeling and exudation. • Dose about 10 times MED
Clinical Indications for U.V. radiation • Skin disorder • Psoriasis and other dermatological conditions • Non pulmonary T.B. • Healing wounds
Application Technique • Determine patient’s sensitivity to U.V radiation • Use the same lamp • Dose response assessment • Graded according to individual’s erythemal response
The End Good Luck To You All