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Architectural Evolution in South Downs National Park

Explore the rich tapestry of buildings in South Downs National Park, from Anglo-Saxon churches to Norman castles and timber-framed structures. Delve into the chronology, building materials, and diverse architectural types that define this landscape. Discover the use of local materials such as flint, timber, and lime, alongside imported materials like Horsham Stone and Welsh slate. Uncover the unique characteristics of vernacular and polite architecture, evident in churches, Wealden houses, barns, industrial buildings, and grand houses. Witness the ingenious craftsmanship in roofing and cladding materials, ranging from thatch to shingles to weatherboards. Experience the legacy of history and craftsmanship set against the backdrop of South Downs' geological diversity.

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Architectural Evolution in South Downs National Park

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  1. Buildings in the Landscape of the South Downs National Park

  2. Themes:- • Chronology • Building materials • Building types

  3. Chronology • Earliest Surviving Buildings: Anglo-Saxon Churches • Norman/Medieval : Castles and Monastic Sites • Timber-Framed buildings: from 14th century • Majority of surviving buildings date from 17th century onwards Ear

  4. Building Materials • Important distinction: • Vernacular Architecture – uses local materials and rooted in the landscape/geology • Polite Architecture – may use imported and exotic materials Ear

  5. South Downs Geology

  6. A rich patchwork… • Lime • Timber • Flint • The Greensands, (including malmstone) • Ironstone • Clays for brick and tile Walling Materials

  7. Timber

  8. Flint

  9. Greensand

  10. Greensand - coursing

  11. Galleting

  12. Ironstone

  13. Brickwork

  14. Brickwork

  15. Further diversity… Roofing Materials Thatch Horsham Stone Slates Plain clay tile Shingles Welsh slate

  16. Thatch especially in Hampshire…

  17. and in some strange places!

  18. Horsham Stone

  19. Clay tiles

  20. Shingles

  21. Welsh Slate

  22. Cladding Materials Clay tiles Mathematical tiles Shingles Welsh slate Weatherboards

  23. Tiles – plain & decorative

  24. Mathematical Tiles a cunning deceit

  25. Welsh slate

  26. Weatherboards only in the east…

  27. Building Types • Churches • Wealden Houses • Barns and Farm Buildings • Industrial Buildings • Great Houses – “Polite Architecture” Ear

  28. Churches Ear

  29. Wealden Houses Ear • Popular in SE England, particularly Kent & East Sussex in 15C • Two-storey buildings • Hall in central section • End bays, with solars on upper floors, project forward of the central hall • Characteristic central recess

  30. Barns & Farm Buildings Ear

  31. Industrial • Iron smelting/working • Water power – river and tide! • Wind power Ear

  32. Great Houses – “Polite” Ear

  33. Decay

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