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This text on page 79 delves into the individuals and ideas that heightened conflicts over slavery, from popular sovereignty to the Kansas-Nebraska Act and characters like John Brown and Preston Brooks. Learn about the rise of violence in the slavery debate and key events like "Bleeding Kansas."
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Copy the following onto the bottom of NB page 79. How did each of the following people and ideas raise tensions over the issue of slavery? • popular sovereignty – • Kansas-Nebraska Act – • “Bleeding Kansas” – • John Brown – • Preston Brooks –
Lesson 15.2: The Crisis Deepens Today we will trace the rise of violence in the slavery debate.
Vocabulary • debate – discussion or argument • popular – of the people • sovereignty – self-rule • popular sovereignty – people ruling themselves (the majority make the rules) • repeal – to revoke or take back a law
Check for Understanding • What are we going to do today? • Do you know of any laws that have been repealed? • What is a debate? • Why do teachers have more sovereignty than students have?
What We Already Know The admission of Missouri as a slave state in 1820 had threatened to split the country, until Henry Clay’s Missouri Compromise brought in Maine to keep the balance between slave and free states.
What We Already Know The admission of California as a free state in 1850 had also threatened the peace of the nation, until Clay worked out another compromise.
What We Already Know The Fugitive Slave Act and Uncle Tom’s Cabin heightened the conflicts between the North and the South.
What We Already Know In the 1840s, thousands of settlers moved onto the plains west of the Mississippi River.
The Kansas–Nebraska Act • In 1854, Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois wanted to see a railroad built to link Chicago with California. • To make this easier, Douglas proposed the organization of two new western territories – Nebraska and Kansas. Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois
Douglas said the question of slavery in these territories was to be settled by popular sovereignty, a very controversial idea. • Douglas’ idea of popular sovereignty was contro-versial because it would mean the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, since it would give people living north of 36º30’ a choice regarding slavery in their territory. • Southerners supported the bill, but it angered opponents of slavery.
The Kansas–Nebraska Act The Kansas-Nebraska Act and popular sovereignty would soon turn Kansas into a battle-ground over slavery.
What was popular sovereignty? Proposed by Senator Stephen Douglas Violated the Compromise of 1850 Supported most strongly by Northerners Would allow the residents of a state to decide the slavery question Replaced the Missouri Compromise line with popular sovereignty Choose ALL that are true!
What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act? Strengthened the Missouri Compromise Introduced to make it easier to build a railroad to California Established the territories of Kansas and Nebraska Required Congress to submit future requests for statehood to the Supreme Court Gave their residents the right to decide whether to allow slavery Choose ALL that are true!
12. How was the issue of slavery to be decided in Nebraska and Kansas? It would be decided only after their residents had ratified their respective state constitutions. It would be decided by the Supreme Court. It would be decided on the basis of popular sovereignty, with each state's residents voting on it. It would be decided as part of the Compromise of 1863.
13. Why was the Kansas–Nebraska Act controversial? It banned slavery in all lands gained from Mexico. It repealed the Missouri Compromise and replaced it with popular sovereignty. It established the territories of Kansas and Nebraska , which were not yet American possessions. It required Congress to submit future requests for statehood to the Supreme Court.
“Bleeding Kansas” Proslavery and anti-slavery settlers rushed into the Kansas Territory to elect the territorial legislature, including 5,000 Missourians (border ruffians).
“Bleeding Kansas” Antislavery settlers boycotted the pro-slavery government and formed a government of their own, as both groups of settlers armed themselves.
“Bleeding Kansas” In an attack that came to be known as the Sack of Lawrence, a proslavery mob burned the anti-slavery capital at Lawrence, Kansas.
John Brown Seeking revenge for the sack of Lawrence, an extreme abolitionist named John Brown and seven other antislavery men murdered five of their proslavery neighbors as they slept at a cabin near Pottawatomie Creek.
As news of this attack (known as the Pottawatomie Massacre) spread, civil war broke out in Kansas.
The violence continued for three years, and the territory came to be called “Bleeding Kansas.”
Why did violence break out in Kansas in 1855? Native Americans and white settlers battled on the wind-swept plains. Pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces were fighting for political control of the territory. White settlers and free black settlers competed for possession of the best farmland. Supporters of the Dred Scott decision clashed with supporters of popular sovereignty.
15. Why did John Brown murder five proslavery people in Kansas? • He was angry about the Fugitive Slave Act being declared unconstitutional. • Pro-slavery men had led an assault against the federal arsenal at Topeka. • It was revenge for the proslavery attack on Lawrence, Kansas. • He was angry because Congress turned down Kansas' application for statehood.
Violence in Congress • In late May, 1856, Massa-chusetts Senator Charles Sumner gave a rousing speech before the Senate. • In very insulting terms, he attacked the pro-slavery forces in Kansas, the institution of slavery in general, and pro-slavery Senators such as Andrew Butler of South Carolinain particular.
Violence in Congress • Nearby, in the House of Representatives, South Carolina Congressman Preston Brooks got wind of Sumner’s speech. • Senator Butler was related to Congressman Brooks, who angrily decided he must defend the honor of his family and of the South.
Congressman Brooks charged into the Senate chamber and viciously beat Sumner unconscious with a cane. Many Southerners cheered Brooks’ defense of the South, but most Northerners were shocked at such violence in the Senate.
“Bleeding Kansas” and “Bleeding Sumner” became rallying cries for antislavery Northerners, as well as for a new political party that was beginning to emerge.
16. Why did Preston Brooks attack Charles Sumner in the Senate? Brooks objected to Sumner's position on popular sovereignty. Sumner made insulting remarks against proslavery forces and Brooks' relative. of the inaccurate portrayal of slavery in Sumner's novel, "Uncle Tom's Cabin.“ Sumner had criticized Brooks for supporting John Brown.
