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CHEMISTRY 161 Chapter 1

CHEMISTRY 161 Chapter 1. Chemistry. arabic: al-kimya greek: khymeia latin: chimica. ‘FUSION’. ~ 3,500 BC. Solar System Chemistry. Chemistry in Space. Sugars Glycerol. Amino Acids Diphosphates. Star Formation. Star Destruction. ASTROBIOLOGY.

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CHEMISTRY 161 Chapter 1

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  1. CHEMISTRY 161 Chapter 1

  2. Chemistry arabic: al-kimya greek: khymeia latin: chimica ‘FUSION’ ~ 3,500 BC

  3. Solar System Chemistry

  4. Chemistry in Space Sugars Glycerol Amino Acids Diphosphates Star Formation Star Destruction ASTROBIOLOGY

  5. PROPERTIES OF MATTER physical chemical density color odor reactivity EXPERIMENT I (determine w/o destruction of matter) (determine w/ destruction of matter) CHEMICAL REACTION STATE EXPERIMENT II

  6. decomposition (water) EXPERIMENT IV EXPERIMENT III combination from two or more elements (exception: ozone O3)

  7. ELEMENTS 1. cannot be decomposed by chemical means 2. different elements have different properties EXPERIMENT V 3. each element is assigned a unique chemical symbol (one or two letters) (common language) BOOK (118) • first letter is always capitalized • all remaining letter(s) are lower case

  8. Measurements measurements are numerical (quantitative) observations how much? weight; volume; speed; energy; density; distance qualitative observations what? color, small

  9. Measurements error* unit number *uncertainty

  10. SI base unit measurement unit symbol length meter m mass kilogram kg time second s electrical current ampere A temperature Kelvin K amount of substance mole mol luminous intensity candela cd all units are derived from 7 SI base units

  11. derived units area length  width length  width height volume distance / time velocity velocity / time acceleration Force [N] acceleration  mass force / area Pressure [Pa; mbar, torr] 760 torr ~ 1013 mbar ~ 105 Pa

  12. Measurements unit number 50 m s-1 m s-1 300,000,000

  13. Decimal Multipliers prefix symbol factor power of 10 mega M 1000000 106 kilo k 1000 103 deci d 0.1 10-1 centi c 0.01 10-2 milli m 0.001 10-3 1000 g 0.001 g 0.01 g

  14. Conversion Measurement English to Metric Metric to English Length 1 ‘’ = 2.54 cm 1 m = 39.37 in. 1 yd = 0.9144 m 1 km = 0.6215 mile 1 mile = 1.609 km Mass 1 lb = 453.6 g 1 kg = 2.205 lb 1 oz = 28.35 g Volume 1 gal = 3.785 L 1 L = 1.057 qt 1 pt = 946.4 mL 1 oz (fluid) = 29.6 mL 1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3

  15. NASA-Mars Polar Lander

  16. Temperature 0 K -273 OC T[K] = T[oC] + 273 EXPERIMENT VI

  17. Measurements unit number error measuring device inaccurate reading multiple measurements average (statistics) EXPERIMENT VII

  18. Significant Digits T = 24.3 ºC (3 significant digits) T = 24.32 ºC (4 significant digits) 3.4  10-2 0.034 K 3.40  10-2 0.0340 K

  19. Summary • Compounds & elements • SI units and conversion of units • 3. errors • 4. number of significant digits

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