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CHEMISTRY 161 Chapter 1

CHEMISTRY 161 Chapter 1. Chemistry. arabic: al-kimya greek: khymeia latin: chimica. ‘FUSION’. ~ 3,500 BC. Solar System Chemistry. Chemistry in Space. Amino Acids. Sugars. Star Formation. Star Destruction. ASTROBIOLOGY. PROPERTIES OF MATTER. physical.

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CHEMISTRY 161 Chapter 1

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  1. CHEMISTRY 161 Chapter 1

  2. Chemistry arabic: al-kimya greek: khymeia latin: chimica ‘FUSION’ ~ 3,500 BC

  3. Solar System Chemistry

  4. Chemistry in Space Amino Acids Sugars Star Formation Star Destruction ASTROBIOLOGY

  5. PROPERTIES OF MATTER physical chemical density color odor reactivity EXPERIMENT I (determine w/o destruction of matter) (determine w/ destruction of matter) CHEMICAL REACTION STATE EXPERIMENT II

  6. decomposition (water) EXPERIMENT IV EXPERIMENT III combination from two or more elements (exception: ozone O3)

  7. ELEMENTS 1. cannot be decomposed by chemical means 2. different elements have different properties EXPERIMENT V 3. each element is assigned a unique chemical symbol (one or two letters) (common language) BOOK (112/114/116) • first letter is always capitalized • all remaining letter(s) are lower case

  8. Measurements measurements are numerical (quantitative) observations how much? weight; volume; speed; energy; density; distance qualitative observations what? color, small

  9. Measurements error* unit number *uncertainty

  10. SI base unit measurement unit symbol length meter m mass gram g time second s electrical current ampere A temperature Kelvin K amount of substance mole mol luminous intensity candela cd all units are derived from 7 SI base units

  11. derived units area length  width length  width height volume distance / time velocity velocity / time acceleration Force [N] acceleration  mass force / area Pressure [Pa; mbar, torr] 760 torr ~ 1013 mbar ~ 105 Pa

  12. Measurements unit number 50 m s-1 m s-1 300,000,000

  13. Decimal Multipliers prefix symbol factor power of 10 mega M 1000000 106 kilo k 1000 103 deci d 0.1 10-1 centi c 0.01 10-2 milli m 0.001 10-3 1000 g 0.001 g 0.01 g

  14. Conversion Measurement English to Metric Metric to English Length 1 ‘’ = 2.54 cm 1 m = 39.37 in. 1 yd = 0.9144 m 1 km = 0.6215 mile 1 mile = 1.609 km Mass 1 lb = 453.6 g 1 kg = 2.205 lb 1 oz = 28.35 g Volume 1 gal = 3.785 L 1 L = 1.057 qt 1 pt = 946.4 mL 1 oz (fluid) = 29.6 mL 1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3

  15. NASA-Mars Polar Lander

  16. Temperature 0 K -273 OC T[K] = T[oC] + 273 EXPERIMENT VI

  17. Measurements unit number error measuring device inaccurate reading multiple measurements average (statistics) EXPERIMENT VII

  18. Significant Digits T = 24.3 ºC (3 significant digits) T = 24.32 ºC (4 significant digits) 3.4  10-2 0.034 K 3.40  10-2 0.0340 K

  19. Summary • Compounds & elements • SI units and conversion of units • 3. errors • 4. number of significant digits

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