Westward Migration: Advantages and Disadvantages

1. Journal #18 The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States. Free land was available to settlers in the west. What are some advantages and disadvantages of moving to a new location?

2. Quick Review • Frederick Douglass • Seneca Falls Convention • William Lloyd Garrison • Nat Turner • Utopia • Horace Mann

3. Manifest Destiny (1800-1850) Chapter 5 Section 1

4. Migrating to the West Pages 166-172

5. What We Will Learn Today: What were the causes of westward migration?

6. Trends in Antebellum America: 1810-1860 • New intellectual and religious movements. • Social Reforms. • Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in American. • Re-emergence of a two-party system and more political democratization. • Increase in federal power – Marshall Court decisions. This is just review... What have we been talking about?

7. Americans Look Westward Expansionists justified their views by pointing to the weakness of the Mexican government and economy. They argued that the Mexicans, whom many Americans regarded as inferior, did not deserve to keep lands so badly needed for American settlement. Expansionists were soon using the term Manifest Destiny to refer to the belief that God wanted the U.S. to own all of North America. Manifest Destiny – 19th century doctrine that westward expansion of the United States was not only inevitable, but a God-given right.

8. Americans Look Westward “The American claim is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and posses the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and…self-government entrusted to us.” John L. O’Sullivan, New York Morning News, Dec. 27, 1845

9. Manifest Destiny

10. Americans Look Westward Mexican independence spurred American trade with northern New Mexico. Santa Fe Trail Welcomed by Mexican officials, the traders launched a growing commerce along what became known as the Santa Fe Trail. American traders brought manufactured goods to the New Mexicans, while they offered horses, mules, furs, and silver.

11. Santa Fe Trail

12. Americans Look Westward There were many daring young American trappers who hunted for beaver pelts in the Rockies. Restless in their pursuit of furs, the Mountain Men thoroughly probed the Rockies, making important discoveries. Mountain Men – American trappers who explored the Rocky Mountains area in the early 1800s.

13. Journal #19 Imagine life on the Frontier. People faced many hardships and difficulties on a day to day basis. List 3 hardships that frontier settlers faced.

14. Quick Review • Manifest Destiny • Santa Fe Trail • Mountain Men • Monroe Doctrine • Andrew Jackson • Missouri Compromise

15. Americans Look Westward In 1836, Marcus and Narcissa Whitman followed a different trail that led them to Oregon Country, this became known as the Oregon Trail. Oregon Trail The Whitman’s found an Indian mission in Walla Walla. In 1847, the Whitmans were killed by Native Americans who blamed them for a deadly measles epidemic. But by then, the tide of migration to Oregon was unstoppable.

16. The Oregon Trail Albert Bierstadt, 1869

17. The Journey Westward Beginning in the springtime at the western edge of Missouri, the journey covered 2,000 miles and took about 5 months to complete. Wagon Trains Journey West Emigrants traveled in trains in anywhere from 10 to 100 wagons and from 50 to 1,000 people. Why? The journey was a gamble that cost many their property and some their lives. Emigrants faced hunger, exposure, disease, poisoned streams – or worse.

18. The Journey Westward The Donner party is the name given to a group of immigrants, who became trapped in the Sierra Nevada mountains during the winter of 1846-47.  The Doomed Donner Party Of the 83 members of the Donner Party, only 45 survived to get to California. Nearly half of the party died, and some resorted to eating their dead in an effort to survive.  Cannibalism

19. The Journey Westward Do you remember what happened to Mormon founder Joseph Smith? Mormon & Brigham Young Leadership passed on to Brigham Young, who was convinced that the Mormons could not survive among hostile neighbors. In 1847, he led migrants across the Great Plains and the Rockies to establish the colony of NewZion on the eastern shore of the Great Salt Lake.

20. The Mormon Trek

21. Review Main Ideas What were the causes of westward migration?

22. Journal #20 Do you think a government has the right to displace the Native peoples of the country it conquers?

23. Quick Review • Brigham Young • Manifest Destiny • Santa Fe Trail • Oregon Trail • Charles Grandison Finney • Transcendentalist • Grimke Sisters • Sojourner Truth

24. Journal #21 Texas won independence from Mexico in 1836, but Mexico wouldn’t recognize Texas as an independent country. In an attempt to win recognition as a nation, Texas negotiated with Belgium, France, and Holland. But it turned out to be Britain most interested in Texas’s bid to be recognized as a nation. Why do you think Britain wanted to see Texas become a full-fledged nation? (Hint: Look back at our history with Britain)

25. Quick Review • John Deere • Irish Immigrants • Mormon Trail • Samuel Slater • Eli Whitney • Nativism • John Marshall

26. Manifest Destiny (1800-1850) Chapter 5 Section 2

27. Texas & the Mexican-American War Pages 173-178

28. What We Will Learn Today: How did the revolution in Texas lead to war with Mexico?

29. Texas Wins Independence The Mexican government invited American settlers into Texas, in hopes of developing and defending the province. Led by Stephen F. Austin, American emigrants began to settle east of San Antonio, founding the town of Austin. By 1835, Texas was home to about 30,000 American settlers, known as Anglo-Texans. They outnumbered Tejanos by about six to one. Austin In 1835, the Texans rebelled against Mexican rule and a year later declared their independence. Their new nation became known as the Lone Star Republic because of the single star on its flag.

30. Texas Wins Independence Santa Anna, a ruthless general who had seized power a few years earlier led his army north into Texas. His forces attacked the small Texan garrison at the Alamo, a fortified former mission in San Antonio. Davy Crockett was among the defenders of the Alamo. Santa Anna

31. Texas Wins Independence Mexican troops overran the walls of the Alamo after 12 days of cannon fire. Refusing to keep prisoners, Santa Anna ordered the defenders slaughtered. Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett were among the casualties at the Alamo. Davy Crockett was among the defenders of the Alamo. Santa Anna

32. Texas Wins Independence

45. Texas Wins Independence Remember the Alamo!! Santa Anna expected the slaughter to frighten other Texans into surrendering. The defenders of the Alamo became martyrs. Led by Sam Houston, the Texans drew Santa Anna into a trap. They surprised and crushed the Mexican Army at the Battle of SanJacinto. Houston

46. Americans Debate Expansion Texans elected Sam Houston as their first president. He quickly asked Congress to annex Texas. President Jackson privately favored the request, but he could not overcome opposition in Congress. The annexation of Texas became a key issue in the 1844 presidential election. What problem is the United States going to have with Texas becoming a state? Houston

47. Election of 1844 vs. James K. Polk Democrat Henry Clay Whig Polk was a slaveholder, and believed in Manifest Destiny. Polk reasoned that northerners would accept the annexation of Texas if they got their own prize (Oregon Territory).

48. Election of 1844

49. Fifty-Four Forty or Fight! Expansionists after the 1844 election shouted "Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!" Polk’s rivals wanted him to be as uncompromising in acquiring the Oregon territory as he had been in annexing Texas. Polk wanted territory, not war, and compromised with the British. The Oregon Treaty of 1846 divided the Oregon Country along the 49th parallel.

50. Fifty-Four Forty or Fight! Polk angered many mid-western Democrats. Many of these Democrats believed that Polk had always wanted the boundary at the 49th, and that he had fooled them into believing he wanted it at the 54th parallel. Powerful Britain Weak Mexico