The Ocean General Circulation (satellite)

1. The Ocean General Circulation (satellite)

2. Biological Productivity in the Ocean

3. Ocean Circulation Learning objectives: Mass flow of ocean water is driven by two forces - wind (10%) and gravity (90%) Surface currents are driven by wind – Coriolis effect; Ekman transport Deep ocean, slow and density driven currents - Thermohaline circulation; Waves (transmit energy not water mass) and Tides (the longest of all ocean waves)

4. http://www.oceanmotion.org/ http://www.oceanmotion.org/html/resources/etopo.htm

5. Gulf Stream Mean Circulation in the Ocean

7. Gulf Stream Mean Circulation in the Ocean California Current

8. Temperature Surface 150 meter depth

9. Annual mean Salinity Map

10. Major oceanic circulation systems

11. Gulf Stream, Plankton Bloom (SeaWiFS, AVHRR)

12. Gulf Stream Spiral Eddies

13. Mediterranean Sea, Shear Wall Spiral Eddies

14. Tropical Atlantic, Spiral Eddy

15. Greek Island, Spiral Eddies and Wakes

16. Strait of Gibraltar

17. Kelvin Waves, from Ships

18. Coastal Dynamics California Filaments and Phytoplankton Hawaiian Island Wakes

19. Some important differences between ocean and atmosphere Ocean is heated from above Feels both Mechanical forcing by the winds & Thermal forcing from the sun Boundaries and complex geometry associated with continents and bottom topography, and bathymetry Ocean is denser than atmosphere Tides Salinity Atmosphere has clouds and moisture

21. How is the energy of the winds transferred to the ocean? Ekman Theory …

22. How does wind force propagate in the ocean? surface balance between friction and rotation 100 meter depth

23. 1 2

24. Ekman Theory …and vertical advection in the ocean COASTAL UPWELLING and DOWNWELLING OPEN OCEAN EKMAN PUMPING

28. Effects of Ekman Currents

29. Atmosphere 60 30 Ocean

30. Some practical rules to remember: Applies to the Ocean same as Atmosphere! Fpressure Low Pressure High Pressure FCoriolis • Particle will have the Coriolis effect 90 degrees to the right • Particles will tend to move along line of constant pressure • Particles will have the high pressure on their right (same as Coriolis)

31. Arctic sea ice http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/arctic-sea-ice-minimum-extent-in-september-1982-2005-and-2007 http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/global-outlook-for-ice-and-snow

32. Glacier melting Evidence of Global Warming in the Climate System: • Kilimanjaro: ice caps are 80% gone since early 1900’s • All glaciers in tropics are melting rapidly • Impacts: water supply, power generation, tourism, local climate and ecology

33. To understand how climate has changed in the past, we need to use records of climate preserved in ice cores, ancient tree rings, coral bands, and other “paleoclimatic” sources:

34. 70 ppm A paleo prospective CO2 5 C Temperature

36. Arctic - the most sensitive ecosystem? • Arctic sea ice has shrunk by 1 million sq km and thinned from 3.1m to 1.8m average • More freshwater, reduced ability to travel over ice • All summer ice gone in this century • Ecological consequences huge! • http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2007/10/01/science/20071002_ARCTIC_GRAPHIC.html#

37. Arctic warming • Sea ice melting • Key feedback! (animation) Reduces albedo (reflectivity) of earth, allowing more radiation to be absorbed http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/topstory/2003/1023esuice.html • Warming temperature • Melts permafrost • Ice sheet stability? Key sea level question! • Rate of warming 8x faster in last 20 years than in last 100 1979 2003

38. Arctic ecosystems impacts • Reduced ice: less algal production under ice = undermines base of food chain • Seal pups emerge just when ice is melting - earlier melt means they are exposed before ready to thrive • Caribou need ice to island-hop; they are falling through as ice thins • Polar bears hunt on ice in winter, retreat to land in summer. Less ice forces them onto land earlier

39. Higher sea level… • As water warms, it expands (“thermal expansion”). • Glaciers are melting • Observation: 3mm/yr in past few decades • Prediction: ~0.5m rise by the end of this century, 2-4m in 500 years • This will have a major impact on • Developed coastal regions • Low-lying island nations • Intensity of coastal flooding during storm surges • Coastal ecosystems (e.g. mangroves, estuaries)

40. More intense storms… Hurricanes get their energy and staying power from warm water in the tropical oceans. As waters get warmer, we expect that hurricanes will become more intense. Significant change not yet observed.

41. Warmer temperatures… Prediction: Doubled CO2 will warm the planet by 1.8-5.8°C (before 2100) Some areas warm up more than others. Continents warm faster than oceans. Higher latitudes warm more than low. Map of predicted temperature change for a doubling of atmospheric CO2

42. Oceanography and Climate - millennial timescales Vertical circulation of the ocean MOVIE: The Day After Tomorrow

43. Biological Productivity in the Ocean