Research-Based Strategies for Increasing Student Achievement

1. Research-Based Strategies for Increasing Student Achievement

2. Identifying Similarities and Differences Summarizing and Note Taking Reinforcing Effort and Providing Recognition Homework and Practice Nonlinguistic Representations Cooperative Learning Setting Objectives and Providing Feedback Generating and Testing Hypotheses Cues, Questions, and Advance Organizers

4. Generalizations • Presenting students with guidance in identifying similarities and differences enhances student understanding of and ability to use the knowledge. • Asking students to independently identify similarities and differences enhances student understanding of and ability to use the knowledge. • Representing similarities and differences in graphic form enhances student understanding of and ability to use the knowledge. • Identification of similarities and differences can be accomplished in several ways.

5. Comparing Classifying Metaphors Analogies

6. Comparing The process of identifying similarities and differences between or among things or ideas. More specifically: Comparing refers to identifying similarities. Contrasting refers to identifying differences.

7. An effective activity modeling comparison identifies the important characteristics upon which the similarities and differences are identified.

8. Simple Steps for Comparing

9. Teacher Directed Comparison Task Highly structured. Teacher identifies the items to be compared and the characteristics on which the comparison is to be made. Gives focus for the conclusion that will be reached by the student. Teaches the process of comparing.

10. Student Directed Comparison Tasks Students may select the items to be compared. Students may select the characteristics on which to compare the items. Students may select both the items to be compared and the characteristics to be used in the comparison.

11. Visual Tools Simple Venn Diagram T-Chart Complex Venn Diagram Comparison Matrix

12. Broad Specific Climate

13. Simple Venn diagrams should be completed for just one characteristic so that the students can easily see the similarities and differences for that characteristic. Pioneer Days Today Holidays Pioneer Days Today Food Limited variety Large variety

17. Think Outside the Circle(or Venn Diagram) 3

18. Think Outside the Circle(or Venn Diagram)

19. Breakout 1

20. Metaphors The process of identifying a general or basic pattern in a specific topic and then finding another topic that appears to be quite different but that has the same general pattern. Simply: A direct comparison between two unlike objects that share the same characteristics. The comparison cannot use the words like or as.

21. Metaphors are used to create strong images. My teacher is a grizzly bear first thing in the morning. The structure of a DNA molecule is a ladder.

22. Teacher Directed Metaphor Teacher provides the first element and the abstract relationship. Element 1: Brain Abstract Relationship: Soaks things up Element 2: ? Teacher provides the two elements. Element 1: a man’s legs Element 2: two broomsticks Abstract Relationship: ?

23. Student Directed Metaphor Teacher presents one element. Students identify a second element and describe the abstract relationship. Given Element: my classroom Abstract Relationship: chaotic Element: three ring circus

24. ManMouse large small talks squeaks alive alive two legs four legs timid timid The man is as timid as a mouse. The man is a mouse. He is a mouse around his boss.

25. Metaphoric Comparison Chart

27. Metaphoric Flow Chart Element 1 Literal Pattern 1 Abstract Literal Pattern 2 Element 2 Something is wonderful and you want to go near it, but if you get too close you could get hurt. Blossom is sweet, but if you touch the thorns you get hurt. Makes you feel happy, but the person you love can hurt you. Rose Love

28. Breakout 2

29. Handouts Blackline masters of visual tools Rubrics Resources Graphic Organizers Smart Card