Bureaucracy

1. Bureaucracy

2. Bureaucracy Line at the DMV Chicago Public Schools

3. Bureaucracy • Large, complex organization of appointed, not elected, officials. • “bureau” – French for small desks, referring to the king’s traveling business men who set up small desks in town squares • Bureaucracy = “government of small desks”

4. Max Weber • Famous early 20th century economist, German • Bureaucracy – well organized, complex machine that is a “rational” way for society to organize its business • Remember the power exercised by bureaucracies through control of information, access and possibly $$ • Add the concept of propinquity

5. The West Wing • The president’s office – nerve center of the Executive Branch • Importance of other offices determined by how close they are to the Oval Office • Situation room is below ground level William Daley

6. Weber Characteristics • Hierarchical authority structure – chain of command • Task specialization – individuals have unique jobs, division of labor • Extensive rules – clear policies for the organization to follow • Clear goals – clearly defined mission

7. Weber • Merit principle – hiring and promotion based on qualities, no jobs for favors • Impersonality – performance judged on productivity • Is this a good thing or a bad thing?

8. Modern Bureaucracy • 1932-1945 – New Deal, WWII, increase in programs and gov’t work • 1950’s – 1970’s – 90% of all federal employees were chosen on merit • Salaries also chosen on merit • Pendleton Act

9. Who are bureaucrats? • 1 out of 100 Americans work for government bureaucracy • Examples • US Postal Service • Amtrak • Corporation for Public Broadcasting • Interstate Commerce Commission • Federal Trade Commisson • Securities and Exchange Commission • National Aeronautics and Space Administration

10. What do bureaucrats do? • Discretionary action – have the power to execute laws and policies passed down by the president or congress. • Implementation – develop procedures and rules for reaching the goal of a new policy • Regulation – check private business activity • Munn v. Illinois (1877) – SC upheld that government had the right to regulate business rates and services

11. Accountability • Bureaucracy is constrained and controlled by the US government • Congress • appropriates money, authorizes the spending of money, oversees agency activity • President • Job appointments, executive orders, budget control, reorganize agencies

12. Iron Triangles CONGRESS INTEREST GROUPS BUREAUCRACY Iron Triangle - three-way alliance among legislators, bureaucrats, and interest groups to make or preserve policies that benefit their respective interests

13. Iron Triangles

14. How it works… • Everyone in the triangle has a similar interest • Legislatorsget funding from interest groups and make laws reality with the help of the bureaucracy; jobs back in state or district for which the member can take credit [e.g. V22 Osprey] • Interest groups provide valued information to bureaucrats and money to legislators • Bureau chiefs implement legislator policy and interest group goals. [Tendency to get tunnel-visioned or “go native” on their issues/priorities]

15. Why are they “iron”? • Strong – bond can’t be broken by President or Congress • Referred to as “sub governments,” all the real decisions are made among these 3 groups • Might maintain interests that might not be publicly popular… like what? • Expensive contracts with questionable benefit or cost overruns

16. V22 Osprey

17. Example – Why is tobacco not illegal? House and Senate agricultural subcommittees Tobacco farmer interest groups (tobacco lobby) Department of Agriculture House and Senate representatives, sympathetic to tobacco, receive campaign funds and support from tobacco by interest groups, and the representatives make sure that tobacco farmers are defended through legislation. DOA agency executes the legislation while relying on the Congressional budget. The interest groups provide the DOA with valuable information to effectively execute laws. -COMMON INTEREST – Keep tobacco alive = keep their jobs alive

18. Other Iron Triangle Example

19. Issue Network • More complicated connection exists in last decades • Iron triangle too simple – there are many IGs from opposite sides of an issue who compete – note explosion in # of IGs [and their lawyers] since mid-70s • Issue Network – complex group (includes media) that debates an issue and slows policy-making • Policy-making is not as smooth with competing demands from IGs • President can appoint an agency head who steers policy, but can never smoothly control policy

20. He gets a lot of help! Power can shift along these lines – personal contact and propinquity

23. Controlling the Bureaucracy • Patronage - Rewarding supporters with jobs • “Spoils system” – created by Andrew Jackson, each President turned over the bureaucracy • Pendleton Act (1883) - Created in response to criticism of patronage, more jobs will be selected based on merit • Hatch Act (1939) – agency employees can’t participate in political activities (elections, campaigns, fund raisers, etc.) • Softened in recent decades, 1st Amendment issues

24. Criticism of Bureaucracy • “Red tape” – maze of gov rules, regulations, and paperwork that makes gov overwhelming to citizens [note place of casework] • Conflict – agencies that often work toward opposite goals • Duplication – agencies appear to do the same thing • Unchecked growth – agencies expand unnecessarily at high costs • Waste – spending more than necessary [why was the gov’t charged nearly $50 for my survival knife when I could buy it for $18?] • Lack of accountability – difficulties in firing an incompetent bureaucrat [box on p. 420] or, instead….