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環境 豐 富化 Environmental enrichment

模組26 Module 26. 環境 豐 富化 Environmental enrichment. 本模組可讓你 This module will enable you to. 瞭解何謂環境富化（EE ） Understand what environmental enrichment (EE) is 學得有效的EE準則 Learn the principles of effective EE 瞭解EE的主要類型 Learn about the main types of EE

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環境 豐 富化 Environmental enrichment

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  1. 模組26 Module 26 環境豐富化 Environmental enrichment

  2. 本模組可讓你This module will enable you to • 瞭解何謂環境富化（EE） Understand what environmental enrichment (EE) is • 學得有效的EE準則 Learn the principles of effective EE • 瞭解EE的主要類型 Learn about the main types of EE • 瞭解不同類型的EE實例 Learn some examples of EE for different species • 瞭解藉由EE的形式來訓練動物 Understand how training animals can be a form of EE

  3. 何謂EE？ What is EE? • 改變豢養動物的環境才能夠增加物種特有的行為，來改善動物的福祉。 Alteration of environment of captive animals in order to increase their opportunities to show species-typical behaviour, and so to improve their welfare

  4. 進行EE的理由Rationale for EE • 你如何提高EE的條件？ How do you provide EE? • 自然方法 Nauralisticapproach • 行為方法 Behavioural approach

  5. 進行EE的理由Rationale for EE • 為何要提供EE？ Why provide EE? • 提供環境控制 Provides environmental control • 證明EE可增進福祉 Evidence that EE improves welfare • 行為證據 Behavioural evidence • 神經學證據 Neurological evidence • 生理證據 Physiological evidence

  6. 進行EE的理由Rationale for EE • 其他要提高EE條件的理由 Other reasons for providing EE • 法規因素 Legal reasons • 可促成繁殖的成功 Can improve breeding success • 可讓照顧者樂在其中 Care-givers enjoy it

  7. 對EE爭議Arguments against EE • 費用太高 Too expensive • 是奢侈而非基本的需求 A luxury not a basic need • 增加實驗動物的多樣性Increases variability of laboratory animal data

  8. 對EE爭議Arguments against EE • 其他的工作 Extra work

  9. 有效的EE準則Principles of effective EE • 儘可能提供可利用的空間 As much utilisable space as possible • 空間的品質：環境控制 Quality of space: environmental control • 含有能夠促成物種特有行為的特性 Contains features that enable species-typical behaviours • 安全 Safe • 動物願意使用 Animal uses it • 偏好？ Preferences?

  10. EE的主要類型Main types of EE • 生理 Physical • 收容設計 Housing design • 空間佔用 Occupational • 運動 Exercise • 「玩具」、傢具 “Toys”, furniture • 營養 Nutritional • 群居 Social • 感受 Sensory

  11. 收容設計 Housing design • 取決於動物所賴以為生的基本材料 Depends on the substrate that the animal lives in • 自地板開始作業 Start with the floor and work up

  12. 收容設計Housing design • 地板和天花板間的的空間應可刺激動物運動，並協助維持動物的身體素質。 The space between the floor and the ceiling should stimulate exercise and help maintain fitness • 室外的奔跑 Outdoor run • 散佈各地的資源 Resources scattered throughout • 環境 - 噪音、光 Environment—noise, light

  13. 玩具和傢具Toys & furniture • 玩具 Toys • 不放置會引發特定行為的隨機物件 Not random objects must elicit specific behaviours • 運動 Exercise • 降低對新奇事物的恐懼 Reduce fear of novelty • 多樣性的重要性 Importance of variety

  14. 玩具和傢具Toys & furniture • 傢具 Furniture • 需跟物種有關 Must be relevant to the species • 需幫助促進物種特有的行為 Must facilitate species-typical behaviours • 傢具需求的優先性： Prioritise the furniture needs: 1. 維持生命 Life-sustaining 2. 維持健康 Health-sustaining 3. 維持舒適感 Comfort-sustaining

  15. 具有營養的EENutritional EE • 如何提高食物的相關事項 Relates to how food is provided • 肉食動物（進食以消除飢餓感） Carnivores (eat to remove hunger) • 追擊者與埋伏者 Chasers vs. ambushers • 群居對獨居 Solitary vs. pack • 其他的動物掠食者 Other animal-eaters • 食蟲動物 Insectivores • 食魚動物Piscivores

  16. 具有營養的EE Nutritional EE • 草食動物 （吃草以排除飢餓感） Herbivores (eat to prevent hunger) • 物種如何在野外進食/覓食？ How does species feed / forage in the wild?

  17. 群居的EESocial EE • 反社會的物種 Asocial species • 大部份具有領土意識 Most are territorial • 最後不要群居收容 Best not to house in groups • 群居物種 Social species • 個別收容 Housed individually • 群居收容 Group-housed • 遠離同伴的機會 Opportunities to get away from the others

  18. EE和被豢養的野生動物EE and captive wildlife • 長期豢養 Long-term captivity • 複製天然棲息地的正向特性 Reproduce salient positive features of natural habitat • 降低或消除天然棲息地危害動物福祉的特性 Reduce or eliminate those features of a natural habitat that would cause poor welfare • 短期居留動物： Short-term residents: • 複製天然棲息地的所有特性（法規所允許） Reproduce all salient features of natural habitat (permitted by law)

  19. EE和蛋雞EE and laying hens

  20. EE和乳牛EE and dairy cows • 搔抓/摩擦 Scratching / rubbing • 運動場 Exercise yard • 餵食場 Feeding space

  21. EE和豬隻EE and pigs • 翻土/探尋 Rooting/ exploring • 群居接觸 Social contact • 築巢繁殖 Nesting to farrow

  22. EE和豬隻EE and pigs

  23. EE和鸚鵡類的鳥隻EE and psittacine birds

  24. EE和兔子EE and rabbits

  25. EE和倉鼠沙鼠 EE and hamsters & gerbils • 倉鼠 Hamsters • 群居或獨居？ Social or solitary? • 隧道 Tunnel • 咀嚼欄杆 Chewing the bars • 跑輪/跑球 Running wheel / Running ball • 倉鼠 Gerbils • 群居 Social • 犬隻 Dig

  26. EE和猫隻EE and cats • 「友善」對「不友善」 “Friendly” vs. “unfriendly” • 撫摸侵略 Petting aggression • 棲息區 Perching area • 搔抓區 Scratching areas • 垃圾盤 Litter tray • 室內家貓 - 運動 Indoor cats—exercise • 餵食 Feeding

  27. EE和猫隻EE and cats • 猫隻的「隱藏棲息」飼養箱“Hide, Perch & Go” box for kennelled cats

  28. EE和猫隻EE and cats • 加拿大BCSPCA的「隱藏棲息」飼養箱 “Hide, Perch & Go” box, BCSPCA, Canada

  29. EE和接受治療的猫隻EE and hospitalised cats • 獸醫院 Veterinary hospitals • 讓猫隻遠離狗 Keep cats away from dogs

  30. EE和家貓EE and kennelled dogs • 玩耍 Play • 運動 Exercise • 群居接觸 Social contact • 玩具 Toys • 訓練的重要性 Importance of training • 睡眠 Sleep

  31. EE和犬隻EE and dogs • 跟人類的接觸：玩耍、運動和同伴 Human contact: play, exercise, company • 其他的犬隻：群居接觸、玩耍 Other dogs: social contact, play

  32. EE和犬隻EE and dogs • 玩具 Toys • 訓練 Training

  33. EE和訓練EE and training • 操作制約 Operant conditioning • 獎勵 Reward • 處罰 Punishment • 消極與積極 Negative vs. positive

  34. EE和訓練EE and training • 獎勵和處罰Reward and punishment

  35. EE和訓練EE and training • 正面積極的處罰和負面消極的獎勵問題 Problems with positive punishment and negative reward • 正確的數量 Correct amount • 時機和一致性 Timing and consistency • 恐懼妨礙學習 Fear prevents learning • 生理的傷害 Physical damage • 禁止行為 Suppresses behaviour • 飼主-動物間的關係 Owner-animal relationship

  36. EE和訓練EE and training • 動物學習的其他方法 Other ways in which animals learn • 古典制約 Classical conditioning • 習慣 Habituation • 觀察 Observation

  37. 摘要說明Summary • EE提供環境控制 EE gives environmental control • EE的形式適用於各別的動物 The forms of EE must be appropriate to the individual animal • 訓練內容可以某種EE的形式 Training can be a form of EE

  38. 延伸閱讀Further Reading • Clubb, R., and G. Mason. 2003. Captivity effects on wide-ranging carnivores. Nature 425 (Oct. 2):473-474 • Environmental Enrichment Information Resources for Laboratory Animals: 1965 – 1995. Animal Welfare Information Centre, US Dept of Agriculture. Available from: http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/enrich/intro.htm • Lidfors L. Behavioural effects of environmental enrichment for individually caged rabbits. Appl Appl Anim Behav Sci 1997; 52:157-169 Lindsay, Steven R. Handbook of Applied Dog Training and Behavior, vol. 1: Adaptation and Learning. Iowa State Press, Ames, Iowa, 2000 • Loveridge GG. Environmentally enriched dogs housing. Appl Anim Behav Sci 1998; 59: 101-113 • McCobb EC, Patronek GJ, Marder A, Dinnage JD, Stone MS. Assessment of stress levels among cats in four animal shelters. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005;226:548-55

  39. 延伸閱讀Further Reading • Reinhardt V, Reinhardt A (Eds). Comfortable Quarters for Laboratory Animals. Animal Welfare Institute, Washington, 2002. Available from: http://www.awionline.org/pubs/cq02/cqindex.html • Sorensen DB, Krohn T, Hansen HN et al. 2005 An ethological approach to housing requirements of golden hamsters, Mongolian gerbils and fat sand rats in the labotatory-A review. Appl Animal Behav Sci 94: 181-195 • Stolba A, Wood Gush DGM. The behaviour of pigs in a semi-natural environment. Anim Prod 1989; 48: 419-425. • Turner D, Bateson P (eds). The Domestic Cat .The biology of its behaviour. Camb Uni Press 2000 (2nd Ed) • Young RJ. Environmental Enrichment for Captive Animals. Oxford: Blackwell, 2003 • 關於動物園和實驗室動物的EE有許多的網址。相關內容可參考： There are many websites for EE of zoo and laboratory animals

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