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The Importance of Chemical Cues in Aquatic Animals

The Importance of Chemical Cues in Aquatic Animals. Presented by: Leah McIntire Advisor: Brian Wisenden. Outline. Introduction Chemical cues Predator/prey interactions Migration Shoaling tendencies Agonistic encounters Conclusion. Introduction. Minnow Skin. Alarm Substance Cell.

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The Importance of Chemical Cues in Aquatic Animals

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  1. The Importance of Chemical Cues in Aquatic Animals Presented by: Leah McIntire Advisor: Brian Wisenden

  2. Outline • Introduction • Chemical cues • Predator/prey interactions • Migration • Shoaling tendencies • Agonistic encounters • Conclusion

  3. Introduction

  4. Minnow Skin Alarm Substance Cell Mucus Cell Epidermis Scale Photo taken by R. Jan F. Smith

  5. Alewife American Shad Shortnose Sturgeon Atlantic Salmon Blueback Herring Gizzard Shad American Eel Sea Lamprey Striped bass http://www.fws.gov/R5CRc/Salmon/workbook/fish_facts_answers.gif

  6. Shoal of Red Sea Fusillier http://www.flickr.com/photos/hazy_jenius/2370892732/

  7. Example of agonistic behavior in lobsters http://caspar.bgsu.edu/~Huberlab/private/Images/Meralspread2.jpg

  8. Chemical cues • Predator/prey interactions • Migration • Shoaling tendencies • Agonistic encounters

  9. Chemosensory assessment of predation risk by slimy sculpins (Cottus cognatus): responses to alarm, disturbance, and predator cues Pamela J. Bryer, Reehan S. Mirza, and Douglas P. Chivers Journal of Chemical Ecology (2001) Vol. 27, No. 3

  10. Methods and MaterialsSlimy Sculpin (Cottus cognatus) http://www.unb.ca/fredericton/science/biology/Fish_key/Cottidae/sculpin_air_Gray.jpg

  11. http://www.uaex.edu/cengle/CaneyBayou/images/backpa1.jpg http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3403/3318280707_92c519c19c.jpg

  12. Brook trout http://www.cttrout.org/Images/Burton_Brook-CT_Brookie.jpg

  13. Gravitational flow-through test apparatus Stimulus added Testing chamber

  14. Experiment 1:Responses of Sculpins to Alarm, Disturbance, and Predator Cues • Chemical cues from… • Predatory brook trout • Injured sculpins • Disturbed sculpins (chased) • Injured swordtails • Undisturbed sculpins • Model fish predator • *all tests x 20 http://www.heathland.net/Tropical/Livebearers/Swordtail.jpg

  15. Results

  16. Results Area Use Number of Short Moves Shelter Use Distilled Sculpin Pellet Brine Brine shrimp + water shrimp injured sculpin

  17. Discussion • Sculpins respond to… • predator chemicals • damage-released alarm cues • cues of disturbed conspecifics

  18. Chemical cues • Predator/prey interactions • Migration • Shoaling tendencies • Agonistic encounters

  19. Laboratory assessment of the role of a larval pheromone and natural stream odor in spawning stream localization by migratory sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) Lance A. Vrieze and Peter W. Sorensen CJFAS (2001) Vol. 58 Pg. 2374-2385

  20. Methods and MaterialsSea Lamprey http://www.glaucus.org.uk/sea-lamprey-Petromyzon-mari.jpg

  21. Experiment 1a: determining whether and how migratory lamprey are attracted to the odor of natural stream waters • 2 treatments: • Nasopores blocked • Nasopores not blocked Cheboygan River Water Lake Huron Water

  22. Results Nasopores clear Nasopores blocked

  23. Experiment 2a: Are waters from streams with larval populations naturally more attractive than those lacking larvae? Nonlarvae Containing River Water Larvae Containing River Water

  24. Results

  25. Experiment 2d: Is the pheromone complimented by other odorous cues in stream water? Nagel Creek Water / Lake Huron Larvae Induced Water

  26. Results

  27. Discussion • Sea lamprey use chemical cues to detect rivers • bile acids from larvae • natural river odors

  28. Chemical cues Predator/prey interactions Migration Shoaling tendencies Agonistic encounters

  29. Habitat-specific chemical cue influence association preferences and shoal cohesion in fish M.M. Webster, J. Goldsmith, A. J. W. Ward, and P. J. B. Hart Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology (2007) 62:273-280

  30. Methods and Materials • Threespine stickleback http://pond.dnr.cornell.edu/nyfish/Gasterosteidae/threespine_stickleback.jpg

  31. Part 1: How long do association preferences based upon habitat chemical cues take to break down and build up?

  32. Results 0.6 0.3 0 Proportion of Time Shoaling -0.3 -0.6 0 30 120 240 Time (minutes) exposure to different habitat

  33. Part 2: Do habitat specific chemical cues influence shoal cohesion?

  34. Results 1.5 1 Nearest neighbour in body lengths 0.5 0 Mixed All Freshwater All Blackwater All Saline Water Habitat origin of individuals within shoal

  35. Discussion • Experiment 1 • 4 hours for habitat cues to wear off • allows fish to switch • Experiment 2 • same habitats shoals more cohesive • increases forging efficiency • communicate better

  36. Chemical cues Predator/prey interactions Migration Shoaling tendencies Agonistic encounters

  37. Individual and status recognition in the crayfish, Orconectes rusticus: the effects of urine release on fight dynamics Rebecca A. Zulandt Schneider, Robert Huber, and Paul A. Moore Behavior (2001) 138: 137-153

  38. Methods and MaterialsCrayfish http://www.ncwildlife.org/Wildlife_Species_Con/nccrayfishes/o_rusticus/mainphoto.jpg

  39. Experiment 2: Urine Release • Two groups • Urine present • Urine blocked • Duration of fight • Maximum Intensity • (0) no fighting • (1) threat postures • (2) claw lock • (3) strike and rip

  40. Discussion • First fights, longer duration, equal intensity • Winner and loser effects • Status recognition • Fights without urine, longer, more intense • urine provides critical cue to end an encounter

  41. Conclusion http://www.alaska-in-pictures.com/data/media/5/jumping-sockeye-salmon_6397.jpg

  42. References • Bryer, P. J., Mirza, R. S., and Chivers, D. P. (2001). Chemosensory assessment of predation risk by slimy sculpins (Cottus cognatus): responses to alarm, disturbance, and predator cues. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 27(3). • Vrieze, L. A. and Sorensen, P. W. (2001). Laboratory assessment of the role of larval pheromone and natural stream odor in spawning stream localization by migratory sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Can J Fish Aquat Sci, 58, 2374-2385  • Webster, M. M., Goldsmith, J., Ward, A. J. W., and Hart, P. J. B. (2007). Habitat-specific chemical cues influence association preferences and shoal cohesion in fish. Behav Ecol Sociobio, 62, 273-280. • Zulant Schneider, R. A., Huber, R., and Moore, P. A. (2001). Individual and status recognition in the crayfish, Oronectes rusticus: the effects of urine release on fight dynamics. Behavior, 138, 137-153

  43. More References • Petranka, J. W., Kats, L. B., and Sih, A. (1987). Predator-prey interactions among fish and larval amphibians: use of chemical cues to detect predatory fish. Anim Behav, 35:420-425. • Huber, M. E. and Delago, A. (1998). Serotonin alters decisions to withdraw in fighting crayfish, Astacus astucus: the motivational concept revisited. J Comp Phys A, 182: 573-583.

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