World War II

1. World War II Chapters 28-29

2. Section 3, Chapter 28 : Fascism in Italy • Rise of Mussolini • Italy was in chaos. There were strikes and riots. • Mussolini was an intense nationalist & organized nationalist party. • He promised to end corruption and restore order. • Mussolini organized combat squads known as the black shirts. • They attacked democratic institutions. • In 1922 the fascist made a bid for power. • At a rally in Naples Mussolini and his supporters announced a March on Rome to demand that the government make changes. • King Victor Emmanuel III bowed to pressure and asked Mussolini to form a government as prime minister.

3. Fascism in Italy • Mussolini’s Italy • By 1925 Mussolini had assumed more power and took the title Il Duce (the Leader) • He suppressed rival parties, muzzled the press, limited the number of voters and rigged elections. • The economy came under state control. • Social policies • To the Fascist the individual is unimportant except as a member of the state. “Believe, Fight, Obey” • Women who had more than 14 children were given a medal by Il Duce himself. • Women were treated as inferior • Women were asked to donate their gold wedding bands in exchange for iron ones. • The youth’s minds were polluted and brainwashed.

4. Fascism in Italy • What is Fascism? • An authoritarian or totalitarian government that is not communist. • It was rooted in extreme nationalism. • They glorify action, violence, discipline, and above all loyalty to the state.

5. Section 5 Chapter 28: Hitler and Rise of Nazi Germany • Problems of the Weimar Republic • This was a democratic government. • This government faced serious problems-many small problems. • Inflation • Germany fell behind in reparation payments and France took its coal rich Ruhr valley. • German workers in the Ruhr valley went on strike. • To support them the German government printed a lot of money. This allowed them to pay the workers. • Inflation went out of control. • Germany did make a recovery, but the Great Depression soon hit.

6. Hitler and rise of Nazi Germany Symbol of hate, oppression, and racism—The Nazi Swastika. At left Italy’s Mussolini and to the right Germany’s Hitler

7. Hitler and Rise of Nazi Germany • Adolph Hitler • Into this chaos stepped a high school drop out and failed artist, Adolph Hitler. • He was from Austria • He served for the Germans during World War I • In 1923 he tried to take over the southern German state of Bavaria and was thrown in jail.

8. Hitler and Rise of Nazi Germany • In Jail he wrote the book Mien Kampf. • This means my struggle. • This book is the Nazi holy book and reflected Hitler’s obsessions and his racist views. • He believed that Aryans were the master race. • He blamed the German losses in World War I on the Jews and politicians. • Within a year after joining an extremist group Hitler was the unquestioned leader of Germany. • Like Mussolini, Hitler organized a group of thugs called Storm Troopers.

9. Hitler and Rise of Nazi Germany • Hitler’s road to power • The Great depression played right into his hands. • He promised to create jobs and end Treaty of Versailles • Hitler became chancellor of Germany by one vote. • Within a year Hitler was the master of Germany. • He suspended civil rights and destroyed other political parties.

10. Hitler and Rise of Nazi Germany • Hitler’s Third Reich • The First Reich was the HRE • The Second Reich was Bismarck 1871 • Finally the Third Reich was Hitler’s German master race to dominate Europe. • Totalitarian state • Where a 1 party dictatorship dominates every aspect of it citizens lives. • SS troops and the secret Gestapo carried out Hitler’s will.

11. Hitler and Rise of Nazi Germany • Tens of thousands of people were put to work building houses, highways and other government projects. • Hitler then began to rearm Germany in violation of the Versailles treaty. • Hitler Youth was created. • Hitler sought to exterminate the Jews. • Nazi thugs terrorized the Jews. • Hitler ordered tens of thousands of Jews into concentration camps. Which are detention centers for Jews and other non-Aryans.

12. SECTION 1 Chapter 29: From Appeasement to War • Early Challenges to World Peace. • Japan on the Move. • Japanese military leaders and ultra nationalists felt that Japan should have an empire equal to those of the western powers. • In 1931 Japan seized Manchuria • The League of Nations condemned the aggression and Japan withdrew from the organizations.

13. Italy invades Ethiopia • Italy went after Ethiopia for some practice since they had outdated weapons • Ethiopia’s leader Haile Selassie pleaded to the League of Nations for help. • The League voted sanctions or penalties against Italy. • The sanctions were not enforced.

14. From Appeasement to War • Hitler’s challenge • In 1936 Hitler sent troops into the Rhineland • What is the Rhineland? German territory along Rhine River (most fertile land). • European countries began to adopt a policy of appeasement, which is giving into the demands of an aggressor. • Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis • Italy, Germany, and Japan became axis.

15. From Appeasement to War • Spanish Civil War • Spain’s king had abdicated and a republic was set up with a liberal constitution. • Communist wanted more radical reforms and conservatives had thought they had gone far enough. • Franco’s Fascist faced off against communist, socialist, supporters of democracy and others. • Germans and Italians help Franco win the war. This was a practice for Germany and Italy.

16. Francisco Franco: Dictator of Spain

17. From Appeasement to War • German Invasions and Annexations. • Germany was the superior Aryan race. • Hitler invaded Austria and established an Anschluss or union with Germany. • Hitler next wanted to go after the Sudetenland an area with a large German population in Czechoslovakia. • At the Munich conference in 1938 European leaders showed up at Munich to discuss Hitler’s demands. • The leaders gave the Germans the Sudetenland, for a promise from Hitler that he would not invade any more nations. • Chamberlain of G.B. was present and said, “We have peace in our time.”

18. From Appeasement to War • Toward War • Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia. • Czech. was the first country to fight back.

19. From Appeasement to War • Nazi-Soviet Pact • Germany and Russian sign a non-aggression pact. What did this entail? • They agree not to fight each other. • To invade Poland and divide it up. • Invasion of Poland • On Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. • Two days later G.B. and France declared war on Germany

20. Questions • What is Fascism? • Who was Mussolini? • How did Hitler gain power? • What was Hitler doing that caused the other countries to “give in” to his demands? • What started the actual war?

21. The Axis Advance • The War Continues • Blitzkrieg-lighting war—fast war. Move as fast as you can. • An example is the taking over of Poland in about one month. • The S.U. also took Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and keep control of them until and the early 1990’s. • Germany then took Norway, Denmark, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Belgium.

22. The Axis Advance • The Maginot Line • This was a huge fortification along the French-German border. • A lot of it was underground. • A lot of money was spent on it; as you will see that money and effort was a huge waste!!

23. The Axis Advance • Germany invades France through Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg. Why did they do this? Why go through these countries to get to France? • Germany invaded France so fast that U.K. and French were trapped along the English Channel at a town called Dunkirk. • The British government called on every available ship to rescue the soldiers—yes it worked. 300,000 soldiers were rescued. • France falls to Germany and Italy

24. The Axis Advance • The Battle of Britain • The Nazi plan was to weaken G.B. by bombing it before they invaded. • The new leader of Great Britain was Prime Minister Winston Churchill. • The British fought back with the air force called the RAF. • For 57 nights Germany bombed London. 15,000 died. -- Blitz • This gave the RAF time to rebuild and eventually destroyed the German Air Force (the Luftwaffe).

25. P.M. Winston Churchill: courage in the face of over whelming danger

26. British pilots race to their planes during the Battle of Britain

27. The Axis Advance • Invasion of N. Africa: Italy and Germany invade N. Africa under the Command of General Rommel (Desert Fox) -- Oil/ Suez want control of these • Greece and Yugoslavia were taken. • Invasion of Russia • As the Russians retreated they burned the land and destroyed buildings. • This is known as scorched earth policy.

28. The Axis Advance • U.S. Involvement • At first the U.S. was against war. • The Lend Lease act gave the U.K. military supplies while the U.S. got bases • Atlantic Charter-Churchill and Roosevelt agree to defeat the Nazi’s. • Japan Attacks P.H. • Mistakes made by the U.S.A. • Not listening to intelligence reports that the Japanese intended to bomb. • Thinking the planes on radar were our own planes. • Destroying a Japanese sub in P.H. and its report not properly passing up the chain of command. • December 7, 1941 • Yamamoto was the Japanese Admiral that planned the attack. • 2,400 people died.

29. The Axis Advance • Greater East Asia co-prosperity sphere • Name the Japanese gave their huge empire in East Asia and the Pacific Islands.

30. Questions • What is Blitzkrieg? • What is the Maginot Line? • Why does Germany help Italy in Africa? • Why does Germany invade Russia? • Why does the Japanese bomb the US?

31. Section 3 Chapter 29: The Global Conflict, Allied Successes • Big Three: Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin • French Resistance- People inside occupied France who were using guerilla tactics to harass and disrupt the Germans. • Their role included: • Blowing up trains carrying troops to the front • Hide downed allied air pilots • Cause the Germans as much trouble as they could. • Vichy, France was a fake government set up by the Nazis

32. Section 3 • Turning points in WW II for the allies. • El Alamein, Egypt • British General Montgomery stopped the German advance in Northern Africa at the battle of El Alamein • U.S./U.K. troops advance through Morocco, Algeria, and trap the Germans (Rommel) in Tunisia • Invasion of Italy • The U.S. Invaded Sicily and pushed Northward through the Italian Peninsula. • Mussolini was killed by his own people.

33. Section 3 • Stalingrad • The Germans actually controlled 90% of the city • The Russians completely surrounded Stalingrad and along with the harsh winter the Germans surrendered.

34. Section 3 • Invasion of France (D-day) • Eisenhower was the commander of all allied forces in Europe. • Diversions used at D-day. • Tanks placed in G.B. that were made out of rubber making it look like the invasion was going further east. • Double agents telling the Germans the attack was coming at the Par de Calais. • Fake Paratroopers that exploded when they hit the ground. • D-Day was on June 6, 1944. • Paris was free in Aug. 1944.

35. D-day: Allied troops landing on Normandy Beach A Mulberry: an artificial harbor on Normandy Beach

36. Map of the D-day invasions. D-day was cod-named Operation Overlord.

37. Questions • What was the French Resistance? • What was the battle of El Alamein? • How did the Allies advance to defeat the Germans? • What was D-day? • How did Eisenhower divert attention from Normandy?

38. Section 4 Chapter 29: Toward Victory • The Nazis Defeated • The Battle of the Bulge • It occurred in Belgium • This was Germany’s last offensive move. They threw everything they had at the allies • The Battle of Berlin • Was fought primarily by the Russians • Hitler committed suicide • On May 7, 1945 Germany surrendered

39. The Soviets (Russians) hoist their victorious flag over Berlin.

40. Section 4 • Defeat of Japan • Atom bomb • First Nuclear Bomb to explode in the world was in the U.S.A. • Manhattan project was the race to create the A-bomb • First city to be bombed was Hiroshima. • Next city to be bombed was Nagasaki. • September 2, 1945 WW II was finally over.

41. Hiroshima after the atomic bomb Mushroom cloud over Hiroshima after the explosion.

42. Section 5 Chapter 29: From World War to Cold War • Aftermath of War • 75 million people dead world wide – see chart pg. 953 • Holocaust: mass killings of about 9 million people • Nuremberg War Crimes Trials • Allied Occupation

43. Section 5 • United Nations • Created April 1945 • What did it do? Kept the peace, improved education, and improved health care.

44. Section 5 • Crumbling Alliance • Growing differences between USSR & USA • Iron Curtain • Containing Communism • Containment the idea to keep communism from spreading (Truman Doctrine) • Germany divisions: West Free & East Communist • Berlin Airlift: fly in supplies to W. Berlin • Military Alliances • NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization • Warsaw Pact: Communist alliance

45. Holocaust victims: This is what happens when a majority of people look the other way when an atrocity happens. Those who deny this atrocity happened deny reality and truth.

46. Holocaust • Holocaust: systematic killing of European Jews by the Nazis • Genocide: mass killing of a race • Concentration camp: work camp

47. Holocaust • Who: Jews (6 million) but also Gypsies, Catholics, Communists, mentally/physically handicapped, homosexuals, Blacks. . .anyone against Nazi Germany • Why: These people were not considered Aryan • Where: mainly Poland, but also Germany and France

48. Holocaust • Dachau: First concentration camp in Germany, used as a prototype for other camps, first ppl were political leaders, established 51 days after Hitler became Chancellor • In its 12 years, Dachau administration recorded the intake of 206,206 prisoners and 31,951 deaths

49. Dachau

50. Holocaust • Auschwitz: largest Nazi concentration camp, located outside of Krakow, Poland • The camp's first commandant testified after the war at the Nuremburg Trials that up to three million people had died there (2.5 million gassed, and 500,000 from disease and starvation)