Families of Elements

1. Families of Elements Predict properties

2. Alkali Metals – Group 1 • Extremely reactive (not found free in nature) • Form stable ionic compounds • React with… • water to form a base • air to form oxides • acids to form salts • Usually reduce to their free state by electrolysis of their fused compounds

3. Alkaline Earth Metals – Group 2 • Reactive (not found free in nature) • Form stable ionic compounds • React with… • water to form a base • air to form oxides • acids to form salts • Usually reduce to their free state by electrolysis of their fused compounds

4. Nitrogen Family – Group 15 • Members range from • typical nonmetals: N,P • through metalloids: As, Sb • to metals: Bi • Facts about NITROGEN • Relatively inactive at room temperature • Forms stable diatomic molecules with triple bond • Component of proteins • Forms unstable compounds used in explosives • Facts about PHOSPHOROUS • Component of nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) • More reactive than nitrogen at room temperature • Forms tetratomic molecules (P4); not diatomic

5. Oxygen Family – Group 16 • Members range from • typical nonmetals: O,S • through metalloids: Se, Te • to metals: Po • All solids except for OXYGEN

6. Halogens (salt formers) – Group 17 • Very reactive nonmetals • Not found free in nature • High electronegativity • Form diatomic molecules when free • React with metals to form salts • Tendency to form positive oxidation state increases with atomic number • Found in all three phases due to differences in Van der Waals (dispersive) forces.

7. Noble Gases – Group 18 • Have a complete outer shell (octet) • Almost inert (not reactive) • Krypton, xenon, and radon form compounds with oxygen and fluorine

8. Transition Elements – Groups 3-12 • Have positive oxidation states • Lose electrons from two outermost energy levels • Ions form colored solutions

9. Block Groups – Energy Orbitals

10. s orbitals

11. p orbitals

12. d orbitals

13. Electron Affinity