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The Lymphatic System and Immunity

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The Lymphatic System and Immunity

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    1. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 1 The Lymphatic System and Immunity

    2. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 2 Functions of LS Absorption of excess tissue fluid Absorption of fat from intestines Defense of body from infection and disease

    3. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 3 Structures of the LS Lymphatic vessels Lymph Nodes Lymphoid organs

    4. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 4 I. Lymphatic Vessels Carry Lymph

    5. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 5 I. Lymphatic Vessels Similar to veins Contain valves From tissues lymphatic capillaries take fluid back toward Vena Cava

    6. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 6 Lymph Interstitial fluid (tissue fluid) forced out of capillaries Resembles plasma but with less proteins

    7. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 7 Lymph nodes Also sometimes referred to as lymph glands, lymph nodes are small rounded or bean-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Lymph nodes filter the lymphatic fluid and store special cells that can trap cancer cells or bacteria that are traveling through the body in the lymph fluid. The lymph nodes are critical for the body’s immune response and are principal sites where many immune reactions are initiated. During a physical examination, doctors often look for swollen lymph nodes in areas where lymph nodes are abundant, including the neck, around the collarbone, the armpit (axilla), and the groin.

    8. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 8 Lymphoid organs Have a surrounding fibrous capsule Separates it from surrounding tissue Filters lymph fluid Examples Lymph nodes Thymus spleen

    9. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 9 III. Lymphoid Tissues Made of Connective tissue and lymphocytes 2 types A. Lymphoid Nodules B. Lymphoid organs

    10. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 10 Lymphoid nodule Filters surrounding tissue fluid not lymph Examples Tonsils Pharyngeal Palatine lingual

    11. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 11 Thymus T Cell Maturation Produces hormones Thymosins

    12. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 12 Spleen Located near stomach Removes abnormal blood cells Stores iron from recycled RBCs Monitors and responds to pathogens and foreign antigens in body

    13. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 13 Lymphocytes Make up 25% of WBCs in blood Most found outside of BVs 3 main types T cells (T for thymus) B cells (B for Bone marrow) NK cells (natural killers cells)

    14. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 14 Lymphocytes

    15. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 15 T cells Originate in Bone Marrow Mature in Thymus Make up 75% of lymphocytes Several different types of T cells with different functions

    16. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 16 B cells Originate in BM Mature in BM Make up 12.5% of lymphocytes Mature into plasma cells which secrete soluble proteins, called antibodies or immunoglobulins

    17. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 17 NK cells Originate in BM Make up 12.5% of lymphocytes Readily attack foreign cells, infected cells and abnormal cells Responsible for immunological surveillance

    18. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 18 Defense Mechanisms Specific Non-specific (general)

    19. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 19 Non-specific Defense Present at birth Do not discriminate between one threat or another Deny entrance or limit the spread of microorganisms or other environmental hazards

    20. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 20 Non-specific Defense Physical barriers Phagocytic cells Immunological surveillance Interferon Complement Inflammation Fever

    21. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 21 Physical barriers Skin Hair Tears Sweat and sebaceous galnds Mucus Stomach acid Urine Reproductive secretions

    22. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 22 Phagocytic cells Engulf other cells 2 classes Microphages: neutrophils and eosinophils Macrophages:monocytes

    23. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 23 Immunological Surveillance NK cells are sensitive to changes in cell membranes, usually associated with Cancer cells Viral infections

    24. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 24 Immunologically Important Proteins Interferon Complement

    25. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 25 Interferon Released by activated lymphocytes and M?s or by viral infected cells Causes cells to make proteins that interfere with viral reproduction

    26. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 26 Complement Supplements the actions of Abs Enhances phagocytic action Destroys cell membranes Promotes Inflammation

    27. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 27 Inflammation Localized tissue response to injury Symptoms: Swelling Redness Heat pain

    28. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 28 Inflammation Produced by any stimulus that damages cells or connective tissue Mast cells found in CT releases histamine and heparin to initiate inflammation Stops pathogens from leaving “scene of the crime” Promotes their removal and repair of damage

    29. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 29 Fever Continued body temp > 99oC Body temp controlled hormonally Harmful Too high may damage tissues/organs Beneficial promotes activity of immune cells

    30. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 30 Specific Defense Provides protection from threats on individual basis Also called IMMUNITY

    31. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 31 Specific Defense (immunity) Resistance to injuries/disease caused by specific antigens or chemicals (toxins) 2 types Innate Inherited or inborn immunity Acquired Passive Active

    32. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 32 Passive Acquired Immunity Short term Receipt of antibodies produced by someone else Injected Fetal development or breast feeding

    33. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 33 Active Acquired Immunity Long term Results from exposure to Ag 2 origins Accidental/natural Artificial/vaccination

    34. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 34 Immune response GOAL: to destroy or inactivate pathogens, abnormal cells or foreign molecules (toxins) RESULT: immunity Types of response: Cell-mediated Ab-mediated (humoral)

    35. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 35 T cell Immunity Once activated, cells divide and differentiate into 4 types: Cytotoxic T cells Memory T cells Suppressor T cells Helper T cells

    36. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 36 B cell Immunity Activated by exposure to Ag or chemicals released by Helper T cells (Interleukins) Cells divide and differentiate into 2 types of cells: Plasma Cells Memory B cells

    37. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 37

    38. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 38 Primary vs Secondary Immune response Primary Results from initial exposure to Ag Takes 7-10 days for response Response (abs, cells, etc) peaks after several weeks

    39. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 39 Primary vs Secondary Immune response Secondary Respnse that results from 2nd exposure to same Ag Tales 1-3 days for response to peak Stronger and longer response

    40. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 40 Primary vs Secondary

    41. 8/20/2012 Bio 111-73 41

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