Chapter 8: Sentence Structure

1. Chapter 8: Sentence Structure

2. What is a Clause? • A Clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. For example, the following sentence contains two clauses. Subject verb (Independent clause) {Kate noted the day’s events in her journal} { before Subject verb (dependent clause) she went to bed}. There are two kinds of clauses: independent and dependent.

3. Independent/Dependent Clause An independent clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. -Kate noted the day’s events in her journal. A dependent clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. -before she went to bed

4. Dependent Clause continued Most dependent clause are introduced by words like although, before, because, so that, when, while, so, and that. TIP: Dependent clauses are also known as subordinate clauses. These clauses cannot stand alone and are dependent on the main clause. At times I will refer to them as (Baby) AAAWWUBBIS words.

5. Simple Sentences • A simple sentence contains one independent clause and no dependent clauses. (Independent clause) • Mikayla sings. • Ben competes at chess every day after school. • Ben competes at chess and runs track for the school.

6. Compound Sentences • A compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses and no dependent clauses. (independent clause) (independent clause) Mikayla sings every day, and she practices with the choir. Mikayla sings every day; she practices with the choir. ________________________________________________ Coordinating Conjunctions FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

7. Compound Sentence continued TIP: Do not mistake a simple sentence with a “compound verb” for a compound sentence. No punctuation should separate the parts of a compound predicate. Ben planned a chess tournament for interested students and promoted it. (This is a simple sentence: One independent clause)

8. Complex Sentence • A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. Independent clause dependent clause Mr. Henry, who is a professional wrestler, competes at the UFC level. dependent clause Independent clause When Mr. Henry competes, he hypes up the audience. Independent clause dependent clause Young people love the way he competes because he acts like a superhero and wears different costumes.

9. Complex Sentences continued Most dependent clauses are introduced by a subordinating conjunction. A subordinating conjunction (Baby AAAWWUBBIS) relates the dependent clause to the independent clause. The following is a list of the most common subordinating conjunctions: - after -as though -so -whenever -although -because -than -where -as -before -though -wherever -as if -even though -unless -while -as long as -if -until -as soon as -since -when

10. Compound-Complex sentence • A compound-complex sentence contains two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. Dependent clause Independent clause While she was fishing, Amy saw many deer, and she tried not to disturb them. Independent clause Independent clause Amy unhooked the salmon from the line, and she threw it back into the stream so that it could live. Independent clause dependent clause

11. Four Type of Sentences • Simple: Independent clause • Compound: Independent clause , Independent clause (joined with a FANBOYS) • Complex: Dependent clause, Independent clause (joined with a Baby AAAWW… OR subordinating conjunction) • Compound-Complex: Dependent, Independent, Independent (joined with a subordinating conjunction and a FANBOYS)

12. WORDS TO LOOK FOR when locating dependent clauses (adjective, adverb, or noun clauses) SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (adverb) - after -as though -so -whenever -although -because -than -where -as -before -though -wherever -as if -even though -unless -while -as long as -if -until -as soon as -since -when ____________________________________________________ Relative Pronouns (adjective) who, whom, whose, that, which, what ____________________________________________________ (Noun) who, whom, whoever, whomever, that, which, what, when, how, where, why, whether

13. Kinds of Dependent Clauses Adjective Clause • An adjective clause is a dependent clause used as an adjective. An adjective clause modifies a noun or pronoun. It tells what kind, which one, how many, or how much. n Adjective Clause Dennis Watson is a climber who likes challenges. ______________________________________________________________ Adjective clauses are usually introduced by relative pronouns. Relative Pronouns: who, whom, whose, that, which, what

14. Adjective Clause example sentences His hardest climb, which took him three days, was Mount Whitney. Gonfalon is a word that I’d never seen outside of this presentation. A gonfalon is a banner that is hung from a crosspiece. The word, which is Italian, isn’t used much these days. ________________________________________________ Relative Pronouns: who, whom, whose, that, which, what

15. Kinds of Dependent Clauses Adverb Clause • An adverb clause is a dependent clause used as an adverb. An adverb clause modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. It tells where, when, how, why, to what extent, or under what conditions. Modifies verb Adverb Clause They checked their gear before they started the climb. ______________________________________________________________ Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions: if, because, before, than, as, even though, than, so that, while, where, when…(Baby AAAWWUBBIS)

16. Adverb Clauses continued Modifies adjective Adverb Clause They were cautious because ice made the trails slippery. Modifies adverb Adverb Clause Devon worries about the weather more than Andy does.

17. Adverb Clauses continued Comma rule with adverb clause: If the dependent clause (baby) comes first, it needs a parent and has to be adopted so you hook it with a comma to a momma (parent- independent clause). Dependent clause/ Baby Independent clause/ Parent or Momma Becausebad weather came , Devon cancelled the climb. If the independent clause (parent/momma) comes first, it is already connected to the momma in the womb and doesn’t need a comma. Independent clause/ Parent or Momma Dependent clause/Baby Devon cancelled the climb because bad weather came.

18. Noun Clauses A Noun Clause can serve as a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, an object of a preposition, or a predicate noun. Noun Clause serving as a Subject That the dedicated actor practiced her role every day surprised no one. Noun Clause serving as direct object The director determined who would design the set. Noun Clause serving as an indirect object The set designer gave whoever helped a bonus. ______________________________________________________ Words that introduce noun clauses: that, how, when, where, whether, why, what, whatever, who, whom, whoever, whomever, which, whichever

19. Noun Clauses continued Noun Clause serving as a Predicate Noun A love of theater is what motivates her. Noun Clause serving as an Object of a Preposition She gets great satisfaction in whatever they perform. ______________________________________________________ Words that introduce noun clauses: that, how, when, where, whether, why, what, whatever, who, whom, whoever, whomever, which, whichever

20. Noun Clauses continued HOT TIP! If you can substitute the word something or someone for a clause in a sentence, it is a noun clause. The director determined who would design the set. The director determined something.

21. Steps to Identifying Clauses • Identify the dependent clause (the group of words that does not contain a complete thought). • Try to figure out which word is being modified (described) or what question is being answered. • If you cannot figure out what word is being modified, or what question the dependent clause answers, then try to separate the sentence into a dependent and independent clause. If you cannot find an independent clause, then try to substitute the word “someone” or “something” for the dependent clause. If this makes sense, then you have a Noun Clause.

22. Practice Identifying Clauses 1. Words that are named after people make me curious about the people. 2. It wasn’t hard for me to find out where the word curie came from. 3. Clearly, curie, which means “a unit of radioactivity,” is named after Madame Curie. 4. When I found the word faraday, I learned it was named after Michael Faraday. 5. Since a faraday is a measure of electricity, I figured that Faraday was a scientist. 6. Everyone can guess what was named after the Earl of Sandwich.

23. Answers to Practice 1. Words that are named after people make me curious about the people. (ADJ) 2. It wasn’t hard for me to find out where the word curie came from. (Noun) 3. Curie, which means “a unit of radioactivity,” is named after Madame Curie. (ADJ) 4. When I found the word faraday, I learned it was named after Michael Faraday. ADV) 5. Since a faraday is a measure of electricity, I figured that Faraday was a scientist. (ADV) 6. Everyone can guess what was named after the Earl of Sandwich. (Noun)