1 / 51

KYOTO PROTOCOL

KYOTO PROTOCOL. OUTLINE. Climatic changes & need for Climate policy Run up to Kyoto Protocol Kyoto Protocol Commitment Implementation Compliance Minimizing impact on developing countries Kyoto Protocol at Present Indian context Conclusions and the Way Ahead. CLIMATIC ISSUES.

jemima
Download Presentation

KYOTO PROTOCOL

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. KYOTO PROTOCOL

  2. OUTLINE • Climatic changes & need for Climate policy • Run up to Kyoto Protocol • Kyoto Protocol • Commitment • Implementation • Compliance • Minimizing impact on developing countries • Kyoto Protocol at Present • Indian context • Conclusions and the Way Ahead

  3. CLIMATIC ISSUES • The greenhouse effect: natural vs. human • Since beginning of industrial revolution (1700) the major Green House Gases have increased (Greenhouse Gases: CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6) • Most of the warming (of 0.1°C per decade) observed over the last 50 years, is attributable to human activities Potential impacts: • increase in frequency and intensity of extreme climate events • increase in risk of desertification • human health

  4. What could happen next !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! • 1990's was most likely the warmest decade ever, and 1998 the warmest year • Precipitation patterns have changed • Snow cover and ice extent have decreased • Global average sea level has risen • Oceans are warming • Glaciers are shrinking • Circulation patterns are changing

  5. WHY DO WE NEED CLIMATE POLICY? Because: • Climate change is human induced • Climate change is complex issue and economic characteristics highlight difficulty to cope with • Joint international efforts, collective actions and control are needed, but • Due to large economic and environmental asymmetries among world regions, actions are needed internationally coordinated and harmonized :

  6. Mauna Loa Curve

  7. Green House Gases

  8. SCIENTIFIC FACTS 1

  9. SCIENTIFIC FACTS 2

  10. Time Line of the Kyoto Protocol

  11. Political initiatives 13

  12. KYOTO PROTOCOL

  13. What is the Kyoto Protocol? The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Countries that ratify this protocol commit to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases, or engage in emissions trading if they maintain or increase emissions of these gases.

  14. Kyoto Protocol Greenhouse gas emissions reduction in the industrialized countries at 5 percent below 1990 levels by 2008 – 2012; Quantitative emissions limitation and reduction commitments by industrialized countries;. Can be undertaken individually or jointly with other countries through “flexibility mechanisms”: Emissions Trading; Joint Implementation; Clean Development Mechanism; 16

  15. 4 elements of Kyoto Protocol • Commitments ( general & specific) • Implementation • Compliance • Minimizing Impacts on developing countries

  16. Participants The Convention divides countries into three main groups according to differing commitments: Annex I Parties: OECD + countries with economies in transition (the EIT Parties), including the Russian Federation, the Baltic States, and several Central and Eastern European States. Annex II Parties:OECD members of Annex I excluding the EIT Parties. Usually net buyers of emission permits Non-Annex I :India is part of this. Usually net sellers of emission permits 18

  17. Commitments: General • All Parties to the Protocol are subject to a set of general commitments that mirror those of the Framework Convention. • These include: • Taking steps to improve the quality of emissions data. • Promoting environmentally-friendly technology transfer. • Supporting climate change education, training and public awareness. • Cooperating on international climate observation.

  18. Commitments : Specific • At the real heart of the Kyoto Protocol lies its set of legally-binding emissions targets for industrialized countries. These emissions targets amount to a total cut, among all Annex I Parties, of at least 5% from 1990 levels by 2008-2012. • The collective 5% reduction is shared out so that each Annex I Party has its own individual emissions target. • However, all individual emissions targets must be achieved by the same commitment period of 2008-2012. • All individual targets are listed in Annex B of the Protocol

  19. 1. Commitments: Annex B *Some EITs have baseline year other than 1990. **US does not intend to ratify the Protocol.

  20. GHG REGULATED BY KP Carbon dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Nitrous oxide (N20) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) 22

  21. Commitments : Conclusion Ultimately, the Kyoto Protocol’s targets may appear relatively modest. However, given the fact that the emissions of many industrialized countries – except for developing countries – have continued to rise since 1990 the task of achieving the Protocol’s collective 5% reduction target becomes much more difficult than it sounds.

  22. Commitments : United States

  23. Implementation: Policies and Measures To achieve the Protocol’s targets, Annex I Parties will need to implement domestic climate change policies and measures. Possible policies/measures include: • Enhancing energy efficiency • Protecting/enhancing GHG sinks • Promoting sustainable agriculture • Promoting renewable energy and environmentally friendly technologies • Tackling transport sector emissions

  24. Implementation: LULUCF Sector The LULUCF (Land Use: Land Use Change and Foresty) sector can provide national governments with relatively low cost opportunities to combat climate change, either by: • Increasing the removal of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere through carbon sinks, or by • Reducing emissions from the LULUCF sector itself.

  25. Implementation: Mechanisms The Kyoto Protocol broke new ground with its three innovative mechanisms: • Joint implementation • Clean development mechanism (CDM) • Emissions (carbon) trading. All three mechanisms aim to “maximize the cost-effectiveness of climate change mitigation by allowing Parties to pursue opportunities to cut emissions, or enhance carbon sinks, more cheaply abroad than at home”.2

  26. Implementation: Mechanisms All three mechanisms operate on the basis of accounting units. • Joint implementation projects result in emission reduction units (ERUs) • CDM projects generate certified emission reductions (CERs) and, • Under emissions trading, Annex I Parties may exchange assigned amount units (AAUs).

  27. Implementation: Joint Implementation • Joint implementation (JI) allows Annex I Parties to implement projects that reduce emissions, or increase removals by sinks, in the territories of other Annex I Parties. • ERUs generated by JI projects can then be used by the investing Annex I Parties to help meet their own emissions targets.

  28. Implementation: Clean Development Mechanism(1) • Allows Annex I Parties to implement projects that reduce emissions in territories of non-Annex I Parties. • CER’s are generated • Like ERUs, CERs can also be used by Annex I Parties • CDM serves two purposes • Help to achieve sustainable development • contribute to the objective of the Framework Convention.

  29. How does CDM work? Emissions Reduction Industrializedcountries Developingcountries CertifiedEmissions Reduction Targeted Emissions Reduction 31

  30. Implementation: Clean Development Mechanism(2) • CERs generated subject to a levy • Contribution towards a common fund • Helps vulnerable developing countries

  31. Implementation: Emissions Trading(1) • Assigned amount units (AAUs) can be acquired • An assigned amount refers to the “total emissions that an Annex I Party may emit over the commitment period and still meet its emissions target”. • Specific assigned amount for each country

  32. Implementation: Emissions Trading(2) • Also allows to acquire • CERs (from CDM projects), • ERUs (from JI projects), or • RMUs (from sink activities) • The minimum level (90% of the assigned amount) is known as the commitment period reserve and cannot be traded

  33. Compliance: • Consists of a Compliance Committee • Has two branches • Facilitative branch and • An Enforcement branch

  34. Compliance: Facilitative Branch • Acts as a facilitator • Responsibilities include • Advice and assistance • Early-warning to parties • Mobilize financial and technical resources

  35. Compliance: Enforcement Branch • More power • Ensures parties adhere to their commitments • In cases of non-compliance with emission targets, Annex I Parties are granted 100 days after the current commitment period to make up any shortfall in compliance

  36. Minimizing the impacts on developing countries(1) • The Protocol commits Annex I Parties to strive to implement their emissions targets through policies that will minimize adverse impacts on developing countries. • Furthermore, the Marrakech Accords require Annex I Parties to report (on an annual basis) on the actions they are taking to meet this commitment.

  37. Minimizing the impacts on developing countries(2) • Lastly, the aforementioned Adaptation Fund is to funded not only by the adaptation levy on CDM projects, but also by additional contributions from Annex I Parties. • The Adaptation Fund will finance concrete adaptation projects and programs in developing countries; especially least developed countries (LCDs).

  38. KYOTO PROTOCOL AT PRESENT

  39. Kyoto Protocol at Present Where are we now? • Ratified in 2005 • US pulled out, but Russia's participating • CDM and JI are operational • EU ETS is in test phase • The protocol is a first and small step compared to what will be needed Commitments so far defined for the period from 1990 (base year) to 2012 New commitment discussions for 2nd period Test Period EU Emission Trading 1st Commitment Period 2nd Commitment Period 3rd Commitment Period Year 2022 2005 2008 2012 2017

  40. Result Upto Date

  41. KYOTO PROTOCOL & INDIA

  42. CDM - INDIA Designated National Authorities (DNA) –India The National Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Authority Ministry of Environment and Forests115, Paryavaran Bhawan,CGO Complex,Lodhi Road,New Delhi, India 44

  43. National CDM Authority is a single window clearance for CDM projects in the country 45

  44. Benefits likely to be derived from CDM Projects in India Cost of Emission Reduction Source: E&Y Report on CDM Project Development dated 07 February, 2005 46

  45. Some Statistics 47

  46. The National Clean Development Mechanism Authority (CDM) has cleared 200 CDM projects as of March 2006. Projects include 62 - Renewable’s including biomass based cogeneration projects 28 for energy efficiency 8 for Industrial Processes 6 in Fuel switching 3 in Municipal Solid Wastes Projects approved to generate 132 million CERs and facilitate investment of Rs 7,816 crores in India. - Ministry of Environment & Forests (Climate Change Division) CDM Projects 48

  47. Gujarat Fluorochemicals to generate 4-6 million carbon credits annually a deal to sell them to the Netherlands and a Japanese firm Tyre cord maker SRF Ltd. signed deal with a unit of Royal Dutch Shell Plc to sell 500,000 CERs from a project it aims to commission. Firms with approval include Tata Steel Ltd., JSW Steel Ltd., Balrampur Chini Mills Ltd. Dhampur Sugar Mills Ltd., Indo Gulf Fertilisers Ltd. and Gujarat Ambuja Cements Ltd. CERs 49

  48. List of Companies at various stages of UNFCC Approval with Host Country Approval 50

More Related