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Functions of Codes of Ethics Hughes Case Compliance vs. Integrity Compliance vs. Integrity 100 100 100 100 200 200 200 200 300 300 300 300 400 400 400 400 500 500 500 500

Row 1, Col 1 What is the function of Discipline? Under this function, codes provide rules that set thresholds and punishments for those who fall below these thresholds

1,2 What are analogue to digital computer chips? Hughes Aircraft was responsible for manufacturing these for use in military hardware.

1,3 What are compliance codes? Codes under this strategy seek to (1) provide rules that outline minimum standards of acceptable behavior, (2) develop systems of monitoring compliance, and (3) set forth sanctions for punishing non-compliance.

1,4 What are some of the provisions of Sarbanes-Oxley? 1. Provide increased protection to whistle-blowers 2. Require adherence to an established code of ethics 3. Provide "full, fair, timely and understandable disclosure" 4. Require maintenance of “ honest and ethical" behavior. 5. Mandate reporting ethics violations promptly 6. Insist on compliance with "applicable governmental laws, rules, and regulations"

2,1 What is education? Under this function, codes seek to inform the members of a community of ideals of conduct as well as minimally acceptable standards

2,2 Who was Frank Saia? This Hughes official, manager of micro- circuit manufacturing, threw his glasses at Margaret Goodearl when told that she was considering initiating a harassment complaint against him.

2,3 What is an integrity or values-based approach to codes of ethics? Under this approach to codes, the goal is to (1) a community shared ideals, or values, (2) provide for community members who strive to realize these, and (3) seek to lock a community onto a trajectory of continual improvement.

2,4 What are seven standards Weaver and Trevino use to assess codes of ethics? reducing unethical behaviors encouraging ethical advice seeking increasing awareness of ethical issues producing perceptions of better decision-making solidifying commitment to the organization building employee integrity increasing willingness to deliver bad news

3,1 What is the function of Stimulating Dialogue? Often communities use codes of ethics and statements of value to bring community members together to debate issues of importance and contention

3,2 What are the Temperature Cycle, Constant Acceleration, Mechanical Shock, and Hermeticity tests? These tests carried out by Hughes test operators were necessary to ensure that the chips could operate effectively under battle conditions.

3,3 What are three different codes of ethics for three different organizational environments? Corporate, professional, and academic.

3,4 What are improvements that occur when an organization implements a compliance code? 1. reducing unethical behavior 2. encouraging ethical advice seeking 3. increasing awareness of ethical issues 4. producing perceptions of better decision-making

4,1 What is the function of inspiration? Beside using punishments to enforce compliance with minimum standards codes also do this to motivate members to strive after ideals.

4,2 What is the Inspector General Office of the US Department of Defense? • Margaret Goodearl and Ruth • Ibarra brought documented evidence • of Hughes test skipping here.

4,3 What is the principal or originator of the action and the agent or executor of the action? According to agency theory, an action breaks down into these two dimensions.

4,4 What are the improvements brought about by implementing aspirational or value-based codes? reducing unethical behaviors encouraging ethical advice seeking increasing awareness of ethical issues producing perceptions of better decision-making solidifying commitment to the organization building employee integrity increasing willingness to deliver bad news

5,1 Who are the functions of empowering and protecting? In engineering, professional codes have been used have been used to support engineers who have been fired or subject to other forms of retaliation for refusing to violate code provisions that represent “clear mandates of public policy.”

5,2 What is a qui tam (on behalf of) lawsuit? What is the name of the lawsuit initiated by Goodearl and Ibarra to bring to the attention of the government Hughes’s wrongdoing?

5,3 What are the Federal Sentencing Guidelines? These require “exercising due diligence in hiring and assigning personnel to positions with substantial authority

5,4 What are the codes that, according to Weaver and Trevino, produce the most positive organizational effects? • These codes of ethics use a • compliance approach to set • minimum standards and an • integrity approach to help a • community engender ideals.

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