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RHETORICAL STRATEGIES. REVIEW. RHETORICAL STRATEGIES. I. DESCRIPTION. I. DESCRIPTION. Relies upon SENSE DETAILS Sights Sounds Smells Tastes Touches (tactile impressions). I. DESCRIPTION. And FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE Describing the unknown by way of the known Similes
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RHETORICAL STRATEGIES REVIEW
RHETORICAL STRATEGIES I. DESCRIPTION
I. DESCRIPTION • Relies upon SENSE DETAILS • Sights • Sounds • Smells • Tastes • Touches (tactile impressions)
I. DESCRIPTION • And FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE • Describing the unknown by way of the known • Similes • Using “like” or “as” • Metaphors • Using or implying “is” • She had black wires for hair. • Her eyes were as black as a shark’s. • Her nose was a ski slope. • She had a mouth like a trash compactor.
I. DESCRIPTION • And PROPER DICTION • Keen, discriminating word choice • The “right” words (descriptive) • adjectives, adverbs • to modify ordinary, plain words • nouns, verbs • the exact word, technical term, vocabulary • Sometimes a heart just “beats” • But often, more descriptive words can be utilized to help you make your point - • Beats quickly, very fast, irregularly • Pounds, throbs, drums, flutters, dances
I. DESCRIPTION • To support a DOMINANT IMPRESSION • The atmosphere, setting • A unifying impression or controlling aspect • Links all of your sense details • The first adjective that comes to mind when you think about a particular place, object, person, or event
I. DESCRIPTION • Details are arranged SPATIALLY • By space • (as opposed to chronology, reason, logic, or emphasis) • Left to right or right to left • Top to bottom or bottom to top • To “pan,” as with a camera
I. DESCRIPTION On the Job: • Reports of all kinds • Medical reports • Police reports • Accident reports • Business reports • Journalist’s or Reporter’s article • Product description • Construction site details • Chemistry or Biology labs
I. DESCRIPTION In Argument: • To help prove your claim • To help persuade or convince • Topic = abortion • “for” • Describe the living conditions of the unwanted child of a drug-addicted mother • “against” • Describe the surgical procedure • “Suction Aspiration” or “Dilation and Curettage”
RHETORICAL STRATEGIES II. NARRATION
II. NARRATION • Relies upon STORY ELEMENTS • Plot • Characterization • Theme • Setting
II. NARRATION • And DESCRIPTIVE ELEMENTS • Sense Details • Figurative Language • Diction • Dominant Impression (related to theme)
II. NARRATION • To relate a STORY • Narrative • Account, chronicle • Tale, myth, legend
II. NARRATION • With a MORAL • Message • Point • Meaning • Theme
II. NARRATION • Details are arranged CHRONOLOGICALLY • By TIME • (as opposed to space, reason, logic, or emphasis) • Beginning, Middle, End • Linear progression • No flashbacks, no circling, no juxtaposition
II. NARRATION On the Job: • Recording witness testimony • Lab reports • Experiment notes • Journalistic accounts • Workman’s Compensation Accident reports • Meeting minutes • Troubleshooting explanation
II. NARRATION In Argument: • To help prove your claim • To help persuade or convince • Narration as evidence • Eye-witness or expert testimony • Lab reports • Journalistic accounts • Historic accounts • Topic = Depression • Case studies • Your personal account with the disease
RHETORICAL STRATEGIES III. ILLUSTRATION
III. ILLUSTRATION • Employs various means of EVIDENCE • EXAMPLES • Clear, unambiguous, unequivocal • Relevant, topical, warranted, applicable • concrete and specific details • statistics, facts, figures • specific people, places, objects • anecdotes • brief informative stories to help develop ideas; • like instances or occurrences
III. ILLUSTRATION • To support a SPECIFIC CLAIM • Argument • Point • Issue • Thesis
III. ILLUSTRATION • That is clearly stated in the THESIS STATEMENT • Clear, emphatic • Argumentative • Topic + Main Idea + Support • Located at the end of the Introduction
III. ILLUSTRATION • Evidence arranged EMPHATICALLY • Save the “best” for last • Most common, important, significant, demonstrative • By reason, logic, or emphasis • (as opposed to chronology, space) • Build “emphasis” • Move toward climax
III. ILLUSTRATION • Persuasive • When done correctly • Not overtly persuasive
III. ILLUSTRATION On the Job: • Case studies • Demographic statistics • Graphs, charts, tables, figures • Product specifications • Crime scene details • Legal precedents, case law • Recommendations from past customers or employers
III. ILLUSTRATION In Argument: • To help prove your claim • To help persuade or convince • Illustration as evidence • EXAMPLES • Clear, unambiguous, unequivocal • Relevant, topical, warranted, applicable • Illustrative narrative (anecdote) • concrete and specific details • statistics, facts, figures • specific people, places, objects
RHETORICAL STRATEGIES IV. DIVISION and CLASSIFICATION
IV. DIVISION-CLASSIFICATION • DIVISION “divides” a topic into • Roles • Subgroups • Subdivisions • “1 into many”
IV. DIVISION-CLASSIFICATION • CLASSIFICATION groups into • Types • Groups • Classifications • Classes • Categories • “many into 1”
IV. DIVISION-CLASSIFICATION • Each uses EXAMPLES to support the division or classification: • Specific people • Specific instances or events • Uses clear, relevant, effective/telling, and specific examples/instances (“for example”), details, and anecdotes to illustrate the characteristics of each type/part
IV. DIVISION-CLASSIFICATION • Sets up each example with an appropriate TRANSITIONS: • “For instance” • “For example”
IV. DIVISION-CLASSIFICATION • Paragraph topics are arranged EMPHATICALLY • Save the “best” for last • Most common, important, significant, demonstrative • By reason, logic, or emphasis • (as opposed to chronology, space) • Build “emphasis” • Move toward climax
IV. DIVISION-CLASSIFICATION On the Job: • King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti • Customer analysis (personality types) • Sales floor organization • Video store classification • Understanding the functions of various parts of complex systems • Computers • Transmissions • Resume, Job Search
IV. DIVISION-CLASSIFICATION In Argument: • To help prove your claim • To help persuade or convince • To help understand the problem, issue, situation • D/C as evidence • Types and sub-groups, roles • Each supported with specific examples • Types of slavery, abortions, stem cells • Crucial roles played by immigrant workers
RHETORICAL STRATEGIES V. COMPARISON and CONTRAST
V. COMPARISON & CONTRAST • Employs various means of EVIDENCE • EXAMPLES • Clear, unambiguous, unequivocal • Relevant, topical, warranted, applicable • concrete and specific details • statistics, facts, figures • specific people, places, objects • anecdotes (brief informative stories to help develop ideas; like instances or occurrences)
V. COMPARISON & CONTRAST • To compare OR contrast TWO subjects: • Only 2 subjects • 2 subjects from the same class or category • 2 subjects clearly identified in the Introduction • 2 subjects compared or contrasted – not both
V. COMPARISON & CONTRAST • Points of comparison or contrast are clearly stated in the THESIS STATEMENT: • Topic + Main Idea + Support • “support” = similarities or differences • Located at the end of the Introduction
V. COMPARISON & CONTRAST • Writer effectively and strategically employs one of two ORGANIZATIONAL METHODS: • point-by-point-by-point method** • subject-by-subject method*
V. COMPARISON & CONTRAST • Writer uses appropriate TRANSITIONS to guide the reader through the text: • (comparison) • also, like, as, furthermore, additionally • (contrast) • on the other hand, on the contrary, conversely, however
V. COMPARISON & CONTRAST • Writer EMPHATICALLY arranges evidence: • Save the “best” for last • Most common, important, significant, demonstrative • By reason, logic, or emphasis • (as opposed to chronology, space) • Build “emphasis” • Move toward climax
V. COMPARISON & CONTRAST On the Job: • Job searches • Hiring, Firing, or Promoting • Product choices • Software, hardware • Tools, equipment • Storage, disposal, recycling • Experiments • Medications • Treatment regimens • Exercise, therapeutic, medicinal
V. COMPARISON & CONTRAST In Argument: • To help prove your claim • To help persuade or convince • Topic = Stem Cell Research • Compare cloned liver to “natural” one • Contrast embryonic to adult SCR • Topic = Global Warming • Compare current Global Warming fad to past Global Cooling vogue • Contrast current conditions with 50 years ago
RHETORICAL STRATEGIES VI. DEFINITION
VI. DEFINITION • Employs various means of EVIDENCE • EXAMPLES • Clear, unambiguous, unequivocal • Relevant, topical, warranted, applicable • concrete and specific details • statistics, facts, figures • specific people, places, objects • anecdotes • brief informative stories to help develop ideas; • like instances or occurrences
VI. DEFINITION • To support a PERSONAL UNDERSTANDING of a TERM: • Not a text book definition • Not a dictionary or encyclopedia definition • But a personal definition
VI. DEFINITION • That is clearly stated in the THESIS STATEMENT: • Thesis = Definition • Clear, emphatic • Located at the end of the Introduction • Topic + Main Idea + Support • Term + Class + Traits (characteristics, attributes)
VI. DEFINITION • Evidence arranged EMPHATICALLY: • Save the “best” for last • Most common, important, significant, demonstrative • By reason, logic, or emphasis • (as opposed to chronology, space) • Build “emphasis” • Move toward climax
VI. DEFINITION On the Job: • Job definitions, postings, searches • Technical terms • Movements, genres, techniques • Medical conditions, diseases, treatments • Tools, parts, functions • Ideas, ideologies, philosophies • Laws, legal terms
VI. DEFINITION In Argument: • To help prove your claim • To help persuade or convince • Topic = Racism (attitudes, language) • See Langston Hughes’ “Black” • Topic = Same-Sex Marriage • Define “marriage” • How it’s defined = side of the issue • “for” = couple based on love, commitment • “against” = 1 man + 1 woman, for procreation
RHETORICAL STRATEGIES VII. ARGUMENT and PERSUASION