Hypertension:

1. Hypertension: Blood Pressure Measurement and the new NICE guideline Prof Richard McManus BHS Annual Meeting Cambridge 2011 NICE clinical guideline 127

2. Overview • Blood Pressure Measurement – where are we now? • Implications of measurement modalities on diagnosis • Systematic Review of methods for diagnosing hypertension • Cost effectiveness modelling • Guideline recommendations • Issues and conclusions

3. BP Measurement

4. Routine measurement is often flawed Same population with routine and research measurement

5. Blood Pressure varies through the day and between seasons Hypertension. 2006;47:155-161

6. Approx 1500 patients 24 practices 6 readings at 1min intervals 12 mmHg systolic drop Stable after 5th reading Even on a single occasion BP drops

7. Family Practice 1997; 14:130-135 BP takes some time to settle with repeated measurement over weeks/months

8. Causes of erroneous measurement BMJ 2001;322;908-911

9. BP measurement and diagnosis

10. BP measurement and diagnosis • Out of office measures: • better estimation of “usual blood pressure” • better correlated with prognosis

11. Ambulatory vs clinic for Prognosis • 2 pooled plus 11 individual studies • ABPM superior to clinic BP in predicting CVD events • Greater risk per mmHg increase in ABPM vs clinic Hansen J Hyp 2007

12. Home vs clinic for prognosis • 4 studies • 2 biggest did not show convincing additional prognostic benefit from home above office • Some evidence from smaller studies of improvement from home (esp DBP) but underpowered • Greater risk per mmHg from home Journal of Hypertension 2004, 22:1099–1104

13. BP measurement and diagnosis • Out of office measures allow better estimation of “usual blood pressure” • Better correlated with prognosis • Detection of White Coat (and masked) HT

14. Detection of white coat and masked HT requires out of office measurement

15. BP measurement and diagnosis • Out of office measures allow better estimation of “usual blood pressure” • Better correlated with prognosis • Detection of White Coat (and masked) HT • ABPM de facto gold standard for most clinicians • What you do when there is uncertainty

16. How do clinic and out of office measurements compare? • Reviewed literature: 2914 studies of which 20 were relevant • 7 compared ABPM with clinic monitoring for diagnosis • 3 compared HBPM with clinic monitoring for diagnosis • Full details: BMJ 2011;342:d3621 doi: 10.1136/bmj.d3621

17. Many people currently potentially misdiagnosed... Worse if only studies around diagnostic threshold used: sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 46%

18. What about Home Monitoring? Relative sensitivity and specificity of clinic and home measurement vs ABPM

19. What threshold ABPM ? Based on Head et al BMJ 2010 • adjust by 5/5 mmHg at lower threshold (stage 1 hypertension, 140/90 mmHg clinic) • ie < 135/85 mm Hg • 10/5 mmHg at higher threshold (stage 2 hypertension, 160/100 mmHg clinic) • Ie < 150/95 mmHg

20. International Thresholds for hypertension diagnosis (Mean daytime BP)

21. How many Home measurements? Conclusion = at least 4 days monitoring and discard 1st

22. What about costs?

23. Is Out of Office Diagnosis cost effective? • Modelling to evaluate the most cost-effective method of confirming a diagnosis of hypertension in a population suspected of having hypertension • ABPM vs Home vs clinic • Further details Lovibond et al, Lancet 2011

24. Markov Model • Health and personal social services perspective • Lifetime horizon • Assume all have raised clinic screening • People aged 40 and over

25. Markov Model • Costs from published sources and NHS • Test performance from systematic review • Risk calculated using Framingham equation

26. Results • ABPM most cost effective for every age group

27. Results • ABPM most cost effective for every age group • Robust to wide range of sensitivity analyses

28. Results – sensitivity analysis

29. Results • ABPM most cost effective for every age group • Robust to wide range of sensitivity analyses • Sensitive to • Assumption of equal test performance • Assumption of no effect of Rx below 140/90 mmHg

30. How does this translate to recommendations?

31. Diagnosing hypertension (1) If the clinic blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg or higher, offer ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) to confirm the diagnosis of hypertension

32. Diagnosing hypertension (2) When using the following to confirm diagnosis ensure: ABPM: • two measurements per hour during the person’s usual waking hours (Day time mean) HBPM: • two consecutive seated measurements, at least 1 minute apart • blood pressure is recorded twice a day and for at least 4 days • measurements on the first day are discarded – average value of all remaining is used

33. CBPM ≥140/90 mmHg & ABPM/HBPM ≥ 135/85 mmHg Stage 1 hypertension CBPM ≥160/100 mmHg & ABPM/HBPM ≥ 150/95 mmHg Stage 2 hypertension Care Pathway If target organ damage present or 10-year cardiovascular risk > 20% Offer antihypertensive drug treatment Consider specialist referral If younger than 40 years Offer lifestyle interventions Offer patient education and interventions to support adherence to treatment Offer annual review of care to monitor blood pressure, provide support and discuss lifestyle, symptoms and medication

34. ABPM issues • Won’t upfront costs be very expensive? • Will my (specialist) service be over run? • ABPM vs home choice

35. Conclusions • Diagnosis of Hypertension is changing • Implementation challenging but benefits can be realised in terms of better targeting of treatment and reduced costs

36. Hypertension: Blood Pressure Measurement and the new NICE guideline Prof Richard McManus BHS Annual Meeting Cambridge 2011 NICE clinical guideline 127