1 / 48

Word and Vocabulary

1. Word and Vocabulary. 1.1 What is a word?. Four characteristics of a word: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unit; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. 1.1 What is a word?. Definition:

jeneil
Download Presentation

Word and Vocabulary

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. 1 • Word and Vocabulary

  2. 1.1 What is a word? • Four characteristics of a word: • (1) a minimal free form of a language; • (2) a sound unit; • (3) a unit of meaning; • (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.

  3. 1.1 What is a word? • Definition: • A word is a minimalfree form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.

  4. 1.1 What is a word? • Simple words: • sun, book, fine, eat, well • Complex words: • internationalization • (inter + nation + al + iz[e] + ation) • national international • nationalize internationalize • nationalization internationalization

  5. 1.1 What is a word? • internationalization • de-internatinalization 废除国际化 • non-internatinalization非国际化

  6. 1.2 Sound and Meaning • A word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world. • dog • woman • bird • tree • The connection is • arbitrary and conventional.

  7. 1.2 Sound and Meaning • arbitrary: no logical explanation • conventional: People of the same speech community have agreed to use the sound to refer to the entity.

  8. 1.2 Sound and Meaning • English Chinese • dog /dכg/ /gəu/ • woman /`wumən/ /fùnǚ/ • bird /bə:d/ /niau/ • tree /tri:/ /shu:/

  9. 1.2 Sound and Meaning • Same sound: • /s٨n/ son sun • /flauə/ flower flour

  10. 1.3 Sound and Form • Form = written record of the oral form • The two forms of a language should agree with each other, such as Russian, German, Old English.

  11. 1.3 Sound and Form • In modern English, sound (pronunciation) and form (spelling) have a lot of differences. • Indication: phonetic transcription to show the pronunciation of each word • What are the reasons?

  12. 1.3 Sound and Form • 1. More phonemes than letters • Not enough letters to represent phonemes • phonemes ≥ letters

  13. 1.3 Sound and Form • 2. Quicker change of sound than spelling • Sound and spelling do not change simultaneously. • Printing stabilized spelling while sound continued to change.

  14. 1.3 Sound and Form • 3. Spelling affected by scribes • i u v m wn made handwriting difficult to recognize and the scribes changed spelling forms. • sum cum wuman wunder munk • some come woman wonder monk

  15. 1.3 Sound and Form • 4. Un-assimilated borrowings • A large proportion of them are not assimilated yet: • stimulus (L) • dénouement (F) • fiesta (Sp) • eureka(Gr) • kimono(Jap)

  16. 1.4 Vocabulary • All the words in a language make up its vocabulary. • vocabulary of a book • vocabulary of a period: Old English V. • personal vocabulary: 5000-8000-10000 • active vocabulary: 3000-3500 • passive vocabulary: 10000-?

  17. 1.5 Classification of Words • Criteria for classification: • 1.use frequency: • basic word stock & non-basic V. • 2.notion: • content words & functional words • 3. origin: • native words & borrowed words

  18. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • Basic word stock = common core • 1. All national character • snow, fire, water, sun • hand, face, father, mother • apple, tree; horse, cow • eat, hear, good, old, • I, you, in, out

  19. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • 2.Stability • man, fire, mountain, water, sun, moon • BUT • bow, chariot, knight, rickshaw • (out of common use) • plane, computer, internet, cellphone • (in common use)

  20. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • 3.Productivity • dog: doglike, doghood, dogcart, dog- cheap, dog-ear, dog-fall, dog-fight, doghole, dog paddle, dogsleep

  21. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • 4.Polysemy • Most words have plural meanings. • get • go • give

  22. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • 5.Collocability搭配力强 • able to form collocations • a change of heart改变主意 • after one‘s heart正中下怀 • a heart of gold金子般的心 • at heart在心底

  23. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • at heart在心底 • break one‘s heart令人心碎 • cross one‘s heart上帝保佑; 祈祷 • cry one‘s heart out痛哭 • eat one‘s heart out因伤心而消瘦 • have one's heart in one's mouth • 忐忑不安;紧张万分

  24. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • heart and hand全心全意 • heart and soul全心全意 • One‘s heart sinks within one心寒 • take something to heart把……放在心上;在意 • wear one‘s heart upon one’s sleeve流露感情 • with all one‘s heart诚心诚意

  25. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • BUT • Not all the words of the basic word stock have these characteristics. • pronouns, numerals: monosemous • non-productive • “All national character” is the most important of all characteristics.

  26. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • Non-basic vocabulary • 1. Terminology • photoscanning扫描 • audiovisual视听 • indigestion消化不良

  27. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • 2. Jargon = shop talk 行话 • hypo = hypodermic syringe皮下注射 • buster = bomb

  28. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • 3. Slang（sub-standard） • dough, bread = money • smoky, bear = police • drunk = elevated, merry, jolly, comfortable, boiled, grassy, tight, knocked out, blue-eyed, fried, paralyzed, pickled, stiff, stunned

  29. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • 4. Argot (language of the in-groups or criminals) 隐语, 黑话 • can-opener = all-purpose key 万能钥匙 • persuader = dagger 匕首

  30. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • 5. Dialectal words • station (AusE） = ranch • auld (ScotE） = old • bluid (ScotE）= blood

  31. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • 6. Archaisms古旧词 • words now restricted in use such as in older poems, legal documents and religious writing or speech • thou = you • ye = you (plural) • thee = you (objective case) • therefrom = from that or there

  32. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • 7. Neologisms新词 • pm2.5 = 微颗粒2.5 • e-fiction = 网络小说 • on-line education = 网上教育 • netizen = 网民

  33. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • 7. Neologisms新词 • 水饺 睡觉 sleep • 秒杀 seckill • 白金汉 elite bachelor (with high qualifications, high income and good taste) • 单贵女 single woman noble (smart, successful with good income) • 考碗族people obsessed with tests for a a government position • 拼爹compete by means of powerful fathers

  34. 1.5.2 Content words • Bynotion • content words = notional words • noun, verb, adjective, adverb • functional words = form/empty words • prep, article, pronoun, conjunction, etc.

  35. 1.5.2 Content words • Characteristics: • Content Functional • numerous small in number • changing/growing stable • less frequent more frequent • Eg. It is certain that they have forgotten the address.

  36. 1.5.3 Native and foreign words • By Origin • Native words • Foreign words

  37. 1.5.3 Native and foreign words • Native words • Words of Anglo-Saxon origin (Germanic tribes) • 50,000 to 60,000 : 1,000,000 5% • BUT • form the mainstream of the basic word stock

  38. 1.5.3 Native and foreign words • Characteristics: • 1. all national character • 2. stability • 3. productivity • 4. polysemy • 5. collocability • 6. neutrality in style • 7. higher frequency in use

  39. 1.5.3 Native and foreign words • neutrality in style • begin (E) —commence (F) • brotherly (E) —fraternal (F) • kingly (E) —royal (F) —regal (L) • rise (E) —mount (F) —ascend (L)

  40. 1.5.3 Native and foreign words • higher frequency in use • (See statistics on page 11)

  41. 1.5.3 Native and foreign words • Borrowed words/borrowings/loan words • constituting 80% of modern English V. • Criteria of classification: • 1. Degree of assimilation • 2. Manner of borrowing

  42. 1.5.3 Native and foreign words • 1. Degree of assimilation • (1) denizens =fully assimilated • portus (L) port • skipta (ON) shift

  43. 1.5.3 Native and foreign words • (2) Aliens = unassimilated words • décor (F) • blitzkrieg (G) • kowtow (CH ) • bazaar (Per ) • intermezzo (IT) • emir (Arab )

  44. 1.5.3 Native and foreign words • 2. Manner of borrowing • (3) Translation loans • translated according to sound tofu wok china tea wonton yen

  45. 1.5.3 Native and foreign words • translated according to meaning • long time no see • lose face • paper tiger • four modernizations • one country two systems

  46. 1.5.3 Native and foreign words • (4) Semantic loan = meanings borrowed for the existing forms • young pioneer = 少先队员(Russian) • dumb = ①unable to speak • ②stupid (fromdumm[G]) • Summary

  47. END

More Related