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PsychSmart INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

PsychSmart INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY. CHAPTER ELEVEN: HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY: STRESS, COPING, AND WELL-BEING. Stress and Coping. How is health psychology a union between medicine and psychology? What is stress, how does it affect us, and how can we best cope with it?. Health Psychology.

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PsychSmart INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

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  1. PsychSmart • INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

  2. CHAPTER ELEVEN: HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY: STRESS, COPING, AND WELL-BEING

  3. Stress and Coping • How is health psychology a union between medicine and psychology? • What is stress, how does it affect us, and how can we best cope with it?

  4. Health Psychology • Investigates the psychological factors related to wellness and illness, including the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems • Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

  5. Stress • People’s response to events that threaten or challenge them • Stressors • Circumstances and events in life

  6. Categorizing Stressors • Cataclysmic Events • Occur suddenly and typically affect many people simultaneously • Personal Stressors • Major life events • Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) • Daily Hassles • Minor irritations of life that we face again and again

  7. Categorizing Stressors Common Daily Hassles and Uplifts Figure 1 of Chapter 11

  8. The High Cost of Stress • Psychophysiological Disorders (psychosomatic disorders) • Actual medical problems that are influenced by an interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties

  9. The General Adaptation Syndrome Model • Hans Selye • Physiological response to stress follows the same set pattern regardless of the cause of stress • Three phases: • Alarm and mobilization • Resistance • Exhaustion

  10. The General Adaptation Syndrome Model Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome Figure 2 of Chapter 11

  11. Psychoneuroimmunology and Stress Major Consequences of Stress Figure 3 of Chapter 11

  12. Coping with Stress • Efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress • Categories • Emotion-focused coping • Managing emotions in the face of stress, seeking to change the way one feels about or perceives a problem • Problem-focused coping • Attempting to modify the stressful problem or source of stress

  13. Coping with Stress • Learned Helplessness • Occurs when people conclude that unpleasant or aversive stimuli cannot be controlled • Experience more physical symptoms and depression • Social Support • Knowledge that we are part of a mutual network of caring, interested others

  14. Coping with Stress • Effective Coping Strategies • Turn a threat into a challenge • Make a threatening situation less threatening • Change your goals • Take physical action • Biofeedback • Exercise • Prepare for stress before it happens • Proactive coping

  15. Psychological Aspects of Illness and Well-Being • How do psychological factors affect health-related problems such as coronary heart disease, cancer, and smoking?

  16. The A’s, B’s, and D’s of Coronary Heart Disease • Type A Behavior Pattern • Cluster of behaviors involving hostility, competitiveness, time urgency, and feeling driven • Type B Behavior Pattern • Characterized by a patient, cooperative, noncompetitive, and nonaggressive manner • Type D Behavior Pattern • D is for “distressed” • Characterized by insecurity, anxiety, and a negative outlook • At risk for repeated heart attacks

  17. Psychological Aspects of Cancer • Emotional responses have a critical effect on its course • Those with a fighting spirit are more likely to recover

  18. Psychological Aspects of Cancer Relationship Between Patient Attitude and Cancer Survival Figure 4 of Chapter 11

  19. Smoking • Why People Smoke • Heredity • Genetics • Environmental factors • Quitting Smoking • Nicotine replacement drugs • Behavioral strategies

  20. Promoting Health and Wellness • How do our interactions with physicians affect our health and compliance with medical treatment? • How does a sense of well-being develop?

  21. Following Medical Advice • Noncompliance • Creative Nonadherence • Adjusting a treatment prescribed by a physician, relying on one’s own medical judgment and experience

  22. Increasing Compliance with Advice • Provide clear instructions to patients regarding drug regimens • Honesty about nature of medical problems and treatments • Positively framed messages • Change in behavior will lead to a gain • Negatively framed messages • Highlight what can be lost by not performing a behavior

  23. Well-Being and Happiness • Subjective Well-Being • People’s evaluations of their lives in terms of both their thoughts and their emotions • Characteristics of happy people • Have high self-esteem • Have a firm sense of control • Are optimistic • Like to be around other people

  24. Well-Being and Happiness • Does Money Buy Happiness? • Research shows that winning the lottery brings an initial surge to one’s happiness level, but then it returns to its set point.

  25. Well-Being and Happiness Faces Scale Figure 7 of Chapter 11

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