APA

1. APA Professor Lisa High University of Windsor

2. Levels & Selection of Headings • p. 113 – 116 • Level of Heading – 5 levels in apa –for article writing – p. 113 • Selecting the Levels of Heading – p. 114 - for paper writing – level of subordinate categories - usually we use two levels of headings – which you would refer to Level 1 and Level 3

3. Seriation • To keep elements in a series to prevent misreading or to clarify the sequence or relationship b/w the elements • Especially when lengthy or complex – represent the element by a “number” or “letter” • Within a sentence or a paragraph you use lowercase parentheses – p. 116

4. Quotations • p. 117 – 119 • Main points: • short quotation – less than 40 words – pay attention to how you present it • Long quotation - over 40 words – ident block about ½ inch from the left margin – double space • Review examples on p. 118

5. Citation of Sources • p. 120 – 121 • Direct quote –“word for word”– give the author, year and page number in parentheses • Many electronic sources do not give page #’s – so use – see sample on p. 120 • Punctuation around source citation differ depending on the placement: • Mid-sentence • End of sentence • End of block quote

6. Work by One or Multiple Authors • p. 207 – 210 • One author– Walker (2000)……… p. 207 – if you use the author again in the same paragraph you do not need to put the year p. 208 • Two authors– always cite both names every time the reference occurs • 3, 4, 5 authors– cite all authors the first time the reference occurs – then use the surname of the first author and et al. to follow – and the year if it is the first citation in the paragraph – p. 208 – 209

7. Groups of Authors • Names of groups – like corporations, gov’t agencies, associations, etc…) • Usually spelled out each time they appear in the text • Then after the first time they can be abbreviated • Review page 210 for samples

8. Work By No Authors • p. 210 – 211 • In other words “anonymous” • Designated as anonymous – cite in text like that – (Anonymous, 2006) • No author and no designation – cite is text the title and the year

9. Personal Communications • p. 214 • Includes letters, memos, email, electronic bulletin boards, personal interviews, telephone conversations • These do not provide recoverable date – therefore - they are not included on the reference list –“cite personal communication in text only” • Sample p. 214

10. Reference List • p. 215 – 223 • All reference used in text need to be on the list • Listed alphabetically • Elements contained: author, year of publication, title and publishing data – all the info needed to do a search • Sample review – p. 313

11. Electronic Sources • Reference List • Review with class - p. 271 – 278

12. Phrasing Text – Not direct quote • Remember not to use the exact text – if you do you need to apa the direct quote – because if you don’t it’s plaragism • How to? • rearrange the words into your own words – but even when you do – you still need to give credit for the text/thought/information to the original author – so you need to reference the author and year • You can however make a general statement about the issue/concern/topic and then support it in the next sentence with a quote or supporting statement from the text

13. Bibliography • Purpose– to present the sources of the writer’s information • Other sources or resources that you have used or referred to understand the health issue/concern • Appears in alphabetical order • For example – publications, websites, research articles, etc …

14. Weak vs. Strong • It is the choice of the writer how much quoted material is used in the paper • Academic writing – what does that mean?