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Exploring the Lymphatic System and Immunity

Learn about the lymphatic system's functions, components like lymph nodes and vessels, and immune response activation. Dive into immunity types, immunization schedules, autoimmune disorders, and HIV/AIDS details.

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Exploring the Lymphatic System and Immunity

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  1. Chapter 15 The Lymphatic Systemand Immunity

  2. Lymphatic System • Supplements the circulatory system • Composed of lymph, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, the spleen, the thymus gland, lymphoid tissue in the intestinal tract, and the tonsils • There is no muscular pump or heart

  3. Functions • Acts as intermediary between blood and tissue • Transports excess tissue fluid • Produce lymphocytes and filters out harmful bacteria • Function of spleen • Function of thymus gland

  4. Lymph • Straw colored • Called intercellular, interstitial fluid or tissue fluid • Composition of lymph • Moves with assistance of skeletal tissue contraction, breathing movements, and valves

  5. Lymph Vessels • Closely parallel the veins • Right lymphatic duct • Left lymphatic duct (thoracic duct) • Flows in only one direction

  6. Lymph Nodes • Small structures located alone or grouped in various places along the lymph vessels throughout the body • Trabeculae • Afferent lymphatic vessels • When germinal centers are stimulated, the immune response is activated

  7. Tonsils • Masses of lymphatic tissue • Produce lymphocytes • Filter out bacteria

  8. Tonsils • Three pairs of tonsils • Palatine • Adenoids • Lingual • Tonsillitis

  9. Spleen • Saclike mass of lymphatic tissue • Located upper left of the abdomen beneath the diaphragm • Forms lymphocytes and monocytes • Filters out bacteria • Stores red blood cells

  10. Thymus Gland • Located in the upper anterior part of the thorax, above the heart • Produces T-lymphocytes • It is also an endocrine gland which secretes a hormone called thymosin

  11. Animation – Lymph Click Here to play Lymphatic System animation

  12. Effects of Aging • Decline in immune function • Increased risk of infection • Decreased ability to fight disease • Slowed wound healing

  13. Disorders of the Lymph System • Lymphadenitis • Hodgkin’s disease • Infectious mononucleosis

  14. Immunity • When pathogens and foreign materials penetrate the skin the person’s immunity comes into play • Immunity is the body’s ability to resist these invaders • Individuals differ in their ability to resist infection

  15. Immunity • Resistance varies at different times • Natural immunity • Immunity we are born with • Acquired immunity • Reaction that occurs as a result of exposure to invaders • Passive acquired immunity • Acquired artificially by injecting antibodies

  16. Immunity • Active acquired immunity • Natural acquired immunity results from having had and recovered from the disease • Artificial acquired immunity comes from being inoculated with a suitable vaccine, antigen, or toxoid (e.g. immunizations) • Immunoglobulin

  17. Immunizations: Ages 0 to 6 • Hepatitis B • Rotavirus • Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis • Haemophilus • Pneumococcal • Inactivated poliovirus

  18. Immunizations: Ages 0 to 6 • Influenza • Measles, mumps, rubella • Varicella • Hepatitis A • Meningococcal

  19. Immunizations: Ages 7 to 18 • Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis • Human papillomavirus • Meningococcal • Pneumococcal • Influenza

  20. Immunizations: Ages 7 to 18 • Hepatitis A • Hepatitis B • Inactivated poliovirus • Measles, mumps, rubella • Varicella

  21. Immunizations – Adult • Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (Td/Tdap) • Human papillomavirus • Measles, mumps, rubella • Varicella • Influenza

  22. Immunizations – Adult • Pneumococcal • Hepatitis A • Hepatitis B • Meningococcal

  23. Autoimmunity • Autoimmune disorder • When the body mistakenly targets the normal cells, tissues, and organs of a person’s own body • Multiple causes can trigger the disorder

  24. Autoimmune Disorders • Multiple sclerosis • Myasthenia gravis • Pernicious anemia • Psoriasis • Crohn’s disease

  25. Autoimmune Disorders • Ulcerative colitis • Type I diabetes mellitus • Rheumatoid arthritis • Lupus • Scleroderma

  26. Hypersensitivity • When the body’s immune system fails to protect itself against foreign material • Allergens • Anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock • Medic-alert tags

  27. AIDS/HIV • A – Acquired • The disease is not inherited • I – Immune • Refers to body’s natural defenses against cancers, disease, and infections • D – Deficiency • Lacks cellular immunity

  28. AIDS/HIV • S – Syndrome • Involves the set of diseases or conditions that are present to signal the diagnosis • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS • HIV destroys the body’s T4-lymphocyte cells • Opportunistic infections

  29. AIDS/HIV • Three outcomes from infection with HIV • AIDS • AIDS-related complex (ARC) • Asymptomatic infection • HIV/AIDS Statistics

  30. Transmission of AIDS • Sexual contact • Sharing hypodermic needles • In utero or at birth

  31. Screening Tests for HIV/AIDS • ELISA • Western blot • Rapid test

  32. Symptoms of HIV/AIDS • Flu-like symptoms • More persistent symptoms • Opportunistic conditions

  33. Treatment of HIV/AIDS • No cure for AIDS • Prevention and treatment have prolonged andimproved the lives of many • AZT • Protease inhibitors • AIDS cocktail

  34. Preventing Transmissionof HIV/AIDS • Limit sexual contacts • Have protected sex • Do not share needles • Clean up soiled materials • Cover wounds • Standard precautions used by all health care workers

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