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DIVERSITY ON CORAL REEFS

DIVERSITY ON CORAL REEFS. DIVERSITY - PERSPECTIVES. 1) taxonomic. 2) ecological. 3) genetic. 4) functional. DIVERSITY – WHAT IS IT?. 1) Number of taxa (=richness). 2) Measure of evenness in abundance. N species equally common > N species of unequal abundance. DIVERSITY ≠ RICHNESS.

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DIVERSITY ON CORAL REEFS

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  1. DIVERSITY ON CORAL REEFS

  2. DIVERSITY - PERSPECTIVES 1) taxonomic 2) ecological 3) genetic 4) functional

  3. DIVERSITY – WHAT IS IT? 1) Number of taxa (=richness) 2) Measure of evenness in abundance N species equally common > N species of unequal abundance DIVERSITY ≠ RICHNESS

  4. DIVERSITY – Spatial Scales 1) Within habitat (a) 2) Between habitats (b) 3) Regional (g)

  5. DIVERSITY – Phylogenetic Scales -diversity can depend on the taxonomic level species > phylum <

  6. DIVERSITY – Phylogenetic Scales 33 of 34 phyla represented in marine biome

  7. Phylum Diversity in Hawaii

  8. FISH DIVERSITY On coral reefs – about 4000 species (1/3 of all known marine fish) Indo-Pacific – about 3000 reef fish Indonesia/Philipines/PNG – about 2500 reef fish British Columbia – 325 marine fish

  9. Why are coral reef environments so diverse? 1) Environmental favourability 2) Productivity 3) Habitat heterogeneity 4) Niche diversity 5) Niche breadth 6) Interspecific interactions 7) Evolutionary processes - Historical stability - Speciation rates - Extinction rates

  10. Diversity in reef ecosystems (How does diversity affect ecosystem function?) 1) Photosymbioses

  11. Diversity in reef ecosystems (How does diversity affect ecosystem function?) 2) Redundancy in guilds -differences in diversity have little effect Clipperton Island (eastern Pacific)

  12. Diversity in reef ecosystems (How does diversity affect ecosystem function?) 2) Redundancy in guilds -differences in diversity have little effect Clipperton Island (eastern Pacific) 800 600 400 200 0 Tropical Eastern Pacific Clipperton Richness in shallow water, nearshore fish

  13. Redundancy in guilds No differences in reef structure

  14. Latitudinal diversity patterns Diversity

  15. BIOGEOGRAPHIC ZONES Western Atlantic Eastern Pacific East Atlantic Indo- West Pacific (IWP)

  16. BIOGEOGRAPHIC ZONES

  17. Paleontological/Tectonic Factors Early Cretaceous Tethys Sea

  18. Seafloor spreading widens Atlantic

  19. Movement of Africa separates Indian Ocean and EA

  20. Isthmus of Panama emerges and separates WA and EP

  21. Separation of bioregions – What are the effects on fauna? 1. Western Atlantic -Cenozoic extinctions -extinctions associated with the closing of the Isthmus of Panama

  22. Separation of bioregions – What are the effects on fauna? 2. Eastern Pacific -extinctions associated with the closing of the Isthmus of Panama -fauna of Florida and California - similar

  23. Separation of bioregions – What are the effects on fauna? 3. Eastern Atlantic -extinctions associated with the closing of the Tethys seaway

  24. Speciation -can happen via: 1) Vicariance event Species C Species A Species B Species A + B + C

  25. Speciation -can happen via: 2) Founder event (Bottleneck) Small genetic diversity bottleneck Large genetic diversity

  26. Speciation -can happen via: 2) Founder event (Bottleneck)

  27. Role of the Indo-West Pacific Bioregion Centre of diversification?

  28. Role of the Indo-West Pacific Bioregion Hydrodynamic sink?

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