UN Peacekeeping and Peace Operations

1. UN Peacekeeping and Peace Operations Background and Overview 1948-2012

2. Current Views on Peacekeeping United Nations peacekeeping is a key instrument of Member States in support of the maintenance of international peace and security. Secretary General Ban ki-Moon, Dec 2011 I also appreciate its incredible growth, both in size and in the varied multi-dimensionality of the missions. Of course, this presents even greater challenges. Hervé Ladsous, Under Secretary General Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Dec 2011

3. Budgetary Control Some Direct Control Direct Control THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM UNSystem General Assembly Security Council Secretary General Secretariat High Commissioner for Refugees UN Development Program Office of Coordinator for Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) Other UN Departments Department of Peace-Keeping Operations (DPKO) World Food Program Department of Field Support UN Children’s Fund Other UN Organizations

4. WATERSHED EVENTS • Somalia • Rwanda • Bosnia-Herzegovina (Srebrenica) • ……….Kosovo, East Timor & Iraq THESE MISSIONS CAUSED A COMPLETE REVIEW OF UN PEACEKEEPING AND THE ROLE OF THE UN

5. Evolution of UN Peacekeeping • First Generation- Traditional Peacekeeping (1948-1990) • Second Generation - Expanded Peacekeeping that included peace enforcement operations (1990-1995) • Third Generation - Expanded peacekeeping within the limits of the UN’s ability. More complex, smaller in size and focused on peace building. Generally this does not include peace enforcement (Chapter VII) operations (1995-1999) • Fourth Generation - Expanded peacekeeping, but the United Nations is taking on more peacbuilding activities. Lead Nations and Regional Organizations conducting peace enforcement operations.

6. Traditional Peacekeeping1948-1989 • Focused on separation of forces engaged in inter state wars • Cease fires and peace agreements were common – usually under Chapter VI • Generally an observe and report mission with only use of force as self defense UN missions did not solve conflict These kinds of peacekeeping missions are still useful today (Cyprus, India-Pakistan, Middle East)

7. 2nd Generation Peacekeeping1989-2001 • After end of Cold War, UN peacekeeping began taking on more robust missions. • Peacekeepers were not trained and prepared to use force, although use of force was often authorized – Chapter VII • These kinds of missions caused the UN Secretary General to re-evaluate UN peacekeeping Missions UNPROFOR - Bosnia UNOSOM - Somalia UNTAC – Cambodia

8. 4th Generation Peacekeeping:Peacekeeping to Peacebuilding • Peacekeepers establish security conditions so peacebuilding can begin • More robust mission, usually under Chapter VII • Requires integrated mission planning and all parts of the UN participate • Mission must take a long term view focused on resolving the conflict

9. UN Peacekeeping - Historical Perspective • - First peacekeeping mission authorized by the Security Council started in June 1948. • - Between 1948 and 1988 there were 15 total missions. • - Since 1989 there have been 47 new missions. • Number of new missions established each year: • 1989 - 3 1993 - 6 1997 - 4 2001- 0 2005- 1 2009 - 0 • 1990 - 0 1994 - 2 1998 – 3 2002- 0 2006- 1 2010 – 2 • 1991 - 5 1995 - 4 1999 – 2 2003- 0 2007- 3 2011- 3 • 1992 - 4 1996 - 2 2000 - 1 2004- 3 2008- 0 • - Currently there are 16 UN peacekeeping missions with a troop strength 98,695 (May 2012) with 117 nations providing military peacekeepers and a budget of $7.84 billion

10. Growth in UN Peacekeeping

11. RESOURCES – MONEY AND PEOPLE

12. Current United Nations Peacekeeping Missions Current UN Peacekeeping

13. UN Missions in the field Department of Peacekeeping Operations

14. Brahimi ReportThe Way Ahead • The UN Secretary General assembled the best group of experts possible. • Comprehensive report released 21 August 2000. • 56 recommendations • Addresses all aspects of peacekeeping – DPKO and the field • Excellent report and if adopted will enhance UN Peacekeeping • Implementation Report – Oct 2000 • Report of Secretary General – June 2001 • Brahimi Report received international praise • Biggest issue was funding

15. Created in the early 1990s to track lessons learned in Peacekeeping Operations. • Brahimi Report recommended that the Lessons Learned Unit be better integrated into the management of peace operations. • Best Practices unit now has a comprehensive website with many good reports and summaries. Best Practices Section seeks to: 1) to capture the knowledge gained by the United Nations in peacekeeping; 2) to disseminate best practices, at headquarters and in the field; and 3) to promote the adaptation and use of best practices

16. Created in April 1993 – based on complaints from the field that there was no one to report to after duty hours in New York • Peacekeeping operations became more complex in the 1990s required immediate guidance during critical situations. • Moved under the Office of Operations • Point of contact for all DPKO field missions • Monitors reports from the field, gathers information about missions from a variety of sources. • Acts as central office for crisis management

17. UN Principles and Guidelines(2008 doctrine – updated 2010) • THE EVOLUTION OF UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING • Principles: Consent of the parties, Impartiality, Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate. • PLANNING UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS • Integrated Mission Planning – across the entire UN system • THE ART OF SUCCESSFUL MANDATE IMPLEMENTATION • Starting a new Mission • Supporting and Sustaining United Nations Peacekeeping Operations

18. Definitions Peace Enforcement Peacekeeping Involves the application of a range of coercive measures, including the use of military force. Restore international peace and security when there is a threat to international peace. Usually under chapter VII A technique designed to preserve the peace Where fighting has halted and assist in the implementation of agreements achieved by peace makers. Usually under Chapter VI of the UN Charter. UN Peacekeeping: Principles and Guidelines, 2008 reviewed 2010

19. Definitions Peacebuilding Peace Making Involves a range of measures targeted to reduce the risk of lapsing or relapsing into conflict by strengthening national capacities at all levels and lay the foundation for sustainable peace and development Measures to address conflict in progress and usually involves diplomatic action to bring hostile parties to a negotiated settlement. UN Peacekeeping: Principles and Guidelines, 2008 reviewed 2010

20. Chapter VI vs Chapter VII of UN Charter PEACEKEEPING CHAPTER VI CONDUCTED BY THE UN FUZZY AREA CONSENT PEACE ENFORCEMENT CHAPTER VII CONDUCTED BY LEAD NATION OR REGIONAL ORGANIZATION WAR RESOURCES AND RISK

21. Spectrum of UN Peace and Security Activities Peace Conflict A UN “Peacekeeping” Operation can be deployed in any phase of the UNs Spectrum of Peace and Security Activities Conflict Resolution Post Conflict The boundaries between Conflict Prevention, Peacemaking, Peacekeeping, Peacebuilding and Peace Enforcement have become increasingly blurred! On-going throughout

22. OLD Consent Impartiality Non-use of force except in self-defense NEW Consent Impartiality Non-use of Force except in self defense & defense of the mandate New doctrine adds: Key Factors for Mission Success Credibility Legitimacy Promotion of National and Local Ownership FUNDAMENTAL GUIDING PRINCIPLES for conductingUN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS UN Doctrine

23. Variation in Command-Control-Coordination in Current Peacekeeping Operations • “Blue Helmet” Operation • UN-led: UN exercises “Command and Control” over a variety of components within a single mission. UN financed • Integrated Operations • UN and different organizations operate within a single, or joined chain of command • Coordinated Operations • UN and other organizations operate side-by-side under separate command structures in a coordinated fashion • Parallel Operations • UN is deployed alongside an other organizations’ force without formal coordination • Sequential Operations • UN precedes or follows a multi-national, regional or bi-lateral force • Hybrid • Two organizations jointly appoint mission leadership

24. Code of Conduct • Zero-tolerance policy laid out in Secretary-Generals Bulletin • High standards • Establishment of Conduct and Discipline Units • Professional investigative capacity • Mission Leadership and managementissue CDU now assigned to each Mission Headquarters

25. Force Enablers Not enough, not timely • Engineering Units • Aviation units • Lift and Attack Helicopters • Level 3 Hospitals • Communication / Communications Intercept units • Qualified Staff Officers and Military Observers

26. New Horizons for UN Peacekeeping2009 • Follow on report to Brahimi Report • Reason - the scale and complexity of peacekeeping today are mismatched with existing capabilities • Expand partnerships beyond DPKO • Some challenges to address: • Continue to support ceasefires and agreements betewen two or more parties • Support to existing national authorities • Support to post conflict peacebuilding • Provide security and protection in response to conflict 2nd Progress Report on New Horizon initiative was positive

27. KEY DOCUMENTS • Peace Agreement • Mandate (UN Security Council Resolution) • Status of Forces/Mission Agreement (SOFA/SOMA) • Terms of Reference • Rules of Engagement (ROE) • Memoranda of Understandings (MOUs) Note: These are living documents than need continuous management

28. UN Peacekeeping2011 Year in Review • Impressive people and good year – USYG Ladsous • 121,591 Peacekeepers • $7.8 billion budget • 114 contributing countries • 16 Peacekeeping and Peacebuilding missions • 2011 Report on UN Peacekeeping • Good year for UN peacekeeping, but with challenges • Several missions presented challenges - Côte d’Ivoire, South Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo • Still some shortages in critical items, specifically helicopter units • Protection of civilians has been relatively good

29. “Support for peace operations will remain for the foreseeable future one of the most important missions for many armed forces. Naval forces are expected to continue to play, at times, a major role in the success of such operations.” Milan Vego, Professor U.S. Naval War College “Evolution of International and UN Peacekeeping”, 2011, NWC 3008C