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Cell Basics

Explore the fascinating world of cells, the fundamental building blocks of all living organisms. Learn about the discovery of cells, cell theory, types of cells, cell structures, and functions of cell organelles.

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Cell Basics

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  1. Cell Basics

  2. What IS a Cell? • The smallest unit of structure and function in all living things • Cells work together to make up tissues • Humans are made of BILLIONS of cells!

  3. Discovery of Cells • 1600’s: Time of discovery in the area of cell biology • Leeuwenhoek: • First to magnify nature with a lens (mid 1600’s) • Called the “father of microbiology”

  4. Robert Hooke: • Monk who was the first to magnify plant material (cork) • Saw small divisions that he named “CELLS” • Made his discovery in 1665

  5. Matthias Schleiden • Botanist • Made the discovery that all plants are made of cells • Made his discovery in 1838

  6. Theodor Schwann • Physiologist • Made the discovery that all animals are made of cells • Made his discovery in 1839

  7. Rudlof Virchow • Pathologist • In 1855, he made the discovery that all cells come from another pre-existing cell

  8. Cell Theory • The summary of all cell biology research • Developed in the 1800’s • Explains how cells and life connect • All living things are made of cells • Cells are the smallest units of structure and function in living things • New cells come from existing cells

  9. Types of Cells • Prokaryotic • Pro= before • Very simple cells • No true nucleus • No membrane bound organelles • Has cell membrane and cytoplasm • Has a single, circular DNA strand (genetic material) • Can respond to the environment (irritability) • Bacteria

  10. Eukaryotic • Eu= true • More complex • Has a true nucleus that houses double-stranded DNA • Has membrane bound organelles • Mitochondria, vesicles, smooth/rough ER…etc. • Has cytoplasm and a cell membrane • Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals are all made of eukaryotic cells

  11. Cell Structures • Cytoplasm: • Jelly-like substance that all organelles float in • Contains organic molecules • In constant motion “Cytoplasmic Streaming” • http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter4/animation_-_cytoplasmic_streaming.html

  12. Organelles • Small structures that perform a special function for the cell • “ Small Organs”

  13. Types of Organelles • Mitochondria: • The “powerhouse” of the cell • Creates cellular energy in the form of a molecule called ATP (Adenosine Tri Phosphate) • Cellular energy created through a process called cellular respiration • Double layered which increases surface area

  14. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • A system of tubes which move molecules throughout the cell • “Intracellular Highway” • Can be covered with ribosomes- Rough ER • Ribosomes make proteins • Enzymes on the Rough ER change proteins into other forms • Can also be without ribosomes-Smooth ER • Function to create lipids

  15. Ribosomes • “Protein Factories” • Can be imbedded on the rough ER or floating in the cytoplasm • Most abundant organelle in a cell • Made of RNA and proteins • Makes more proteins with plans given from DNA in the nucleus

  16. Golgi Body/Golgi Apparatus • The “UPS” or “Fed-Ex” of the cell • Processes, packages and secretes proteins and other molecules both inside and outside of the cell • Secretes molecules in vesicles • Example: hormones

  17. Lysosome • “Stomach” of the cell • Contain digestive enzymes • Break down proteins, carbohydrates and lipids that the cell can use • Breaks down organelles the cell no longer needs • Cleans up cellular clutter

  18. Centrioles • Found only in Animal Cells • Rod-shaped bodies which guide the cell during cell division (mitosis)

  19. Vacuoles • Storage organelle for water, wastes, enzymes, salt and organic molecules • Plant cells have large organelles • Up to 90% of the plant cell is the vacuole • Plants need a great deal of water because of photosynthesis • Animal cells have small organelles called vesicles

  20. Plastids • Found only in plants • Chemical factories to create energy • Often contain pigment • Example: Chloroplast • Contains chlorophyll which traps solar energy for photosynthesis

  21. Cytoskeleton • The framework of the cell • Made of protein filaments • Two types- Microfilaments and Microtubules

  22. Cilia and Flagella • Aid in movement • Cilia: “Hair-like” • Flagella: “Whip-like”

  23. The Nucleus • First Identified in 1831 • Is the “brain” of the cell • Houses DNA molecule Parts of the Nucleus • Nuclear Envelope/Membrane: • Double layer of phospholipids and proteins • Has pores to allow molecules to enter and leave

  24. 2. Nucleoplasm: Cytoplasm in the nucleus -protein rich fluid 3. Nucleolus: Makes ribosomes, made of RNA 4. Chromatin: DNA and protein coiled together -Genetic material -Chromosomes: Chromatin that coils together during mitosis

  25. The Cell Membrane • Cell structure that is found in both plant and animal cells • Made of proteins and phospholipids • Moves like a liquid • “Fluid mosaic model” • Allows molecules in and out of the cell • Is considered “semi-permeable” or “selectively permeable”

  26. Plant vs. Animal Cells • Both cells are eukaryotic • Plant Cells: • Cell Wall • Structure made of cellulose that surrounds the cell membrane • Plastids • Chloroplast (green), leucoplasts (white), chromoplast (orange, yellow) • Large vacuole • 90% of plant’s volume

  27. The Endosymbiotic Theory • A theory stating that prokaryotic cells developed into organelles in larger eukaryotic cells • Mitochondria have their own DNA • Cyanobacteria (blue-green bacteria) are said to have developed into chloroplasts

  28. Viruses • Are NOT cells • Are NOT living until they find a host • Cause diseases such as the common cold, the flu, polio, HIV • Have a protein capsid coating that “tricks” cells into accepting the virus • Virus then takes over the genetic machinery of the cell • http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072556781/student_view0/chapter18/animation_quiz_1.html

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