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Battery Basics-Cell Chemistry

Battery Basics-Cell Chemistry . Additional Reactions of Significance Oxygen Reaction Cycle: : ½ O 2 + Pb PbO PbO + H 2 SO 4 PbSO 4 + H 2 O

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Battery Basics-Cell Chemistry

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  1. Battery Basics-Cell Chemistry Additional Reactions of Significance • Oxygen Reaction Cycle:: ½O2 + Pb PbO PbO + H2SO4PbSO4 + H2O Note:Oxygen reaction cycle is a benchmark characteristic of VRLA batteries. It is more pronounced with AGM than with gel constructions. • Severe Overcharge Reaction: 2H2O O2 + 4H+ + 4e- Note: This results in water loss due to venting of O2 and can be life limiting. • Positive GridCorrosion: Pb + 2H2OPbO2 + 4H+ + 2e- Note: This results in water loss and can be life limiting. C C C C

  2. Optima AGM Battery Construction • Optima has lower internal resistance compared to flat plate batteries • Optima has less internal parts (~30) vs traditional batteries (120+) • Optima has over the partition, solid lead connectors vs through the partition inter-cell welds

  3. Element Characteristics • Factors affecting internal resistance of the battery • Size of lead conductors • Plate surface area • Plate spacing • Separator resistivity • Electrolyte type • Gel has higher resistance than flooded or AGM designs which negatively impacts high rate and cold performance • Electrolyte concentration • Temperature

  4. Cylindrical cells provide superior mechanical structure to battery Eliminates cell bulge Permits higher valve pressures, 7-8 psi, compared to flat plate, 1-5 psi Flat plate batteries can experience end wall bulge when pressure builds up on charge resulting in loss of performance Container/Cover Design

  5. Gassing Characteristics • Gassing • Less than flat plate/prismatic design • Why? • Higher purity materials – 99.99% pure lead • Alloys – Optima uses a binary tin lead alloy compared to a flooded battery that uses a multi component alloy (silver, tin, calcium, aluminum, etc… less impurities) • Oxygen reaction cycle Source: AGM Development Team

  6. The Optima Advantage Longer run time

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