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WHAT LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE?

WHAT LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE?. CROSS SECTION OF PERMAFROST. IN THE DISCONTINUOUS PERMAFROST, THE GROUND IS WITHIN 1-2 DEGREES OF MELTING, THE PERMAFROST WILL DISSAPEAR. THE CONTINUOUS PERMAFROST WILL SEE UPHEAVALS IN THE FREEZING AND THAWING THAT WILL RESULT.

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WHAT LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE?

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  1. WHAT LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE?

  2. CROSS SECTION OF PERMAFROST

  3. IN THE DISCONTINUOUS PERMAFROST, THE GROUND IS WITHIN 1-2 DEGREES OF MELTING, THE PERMAFROST WILL DISSAPEAR. THE CONTINUOUS PERMAFROST WILL SEE UPHEAVALS IN THE FREEZING AND THAWING THAT WILL RESULT. THE ARCTIC HAS 1/3 OF THE WORLD’S STORED CARBON. MUCH OF THIS WOULD BE RELEASED ON THAWING OF THE PERMAFROST.

  4. SUB-ARCTIC WESTERN SIBERIA IS THE WORLD’S LARGEST FROZEN PEAT BOG. IT CONTAINS HUGE AMOUNTS OF FROZEN METHANE HYDRATE. METHANE IS A GREEN HOUSE GAS THAT CAN ABSORB 20 TIMES THE AMOUNT OF HEAT AS CARBON DIOXIDE.

  5. Distribution of organic carbon in Earth (excluding dispersed carbon in rocks and sediments, which equals nearly 1,000 times this total amount). Numbers in gigatons (1015 tons) of carbon.

  6. EFFECT OF SPRUCE BARK BEETLES ON THE KENAI PENINSULA.

  7. WITH WARMING, THE RANGE INCREASES - LATITUDE AND ALTITUDE The Anopheles mosquito, a carrier of many diseases such as malaria, encephalitis, yellow fever and dengue fever Photo: CDC/James Gathany

  8. THINGS AREN’T GETTING ANY BETTER: CO2 EMISSIONS GREW AT AN ANNUAL RATE OF 1.1% IN THE 1990’S FROM 2000 TO 2004, THE ANNUAL GROWTH RATE FOR CO2 WAS 3% - NEARLY TRIPLE THAT FOR THE 1990’S DEVELOPING NATIONS ACCOUNTED FOR 73% OF THE EMISSIONS GROWTH NO REGION HAD REDUCED THE PERCENTAGE OF ITS CARBON EMISSIONS PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

  9. WHAT IS DRIVING THIS? MAINLY POPULATION. IT WAS NOT UNTIL 1830 THAT GLOBAL POPULATION REACHED ONE BILLION. THE SECOND ONE BILLION TOOK ONLY 100 YEARS. THE THIRD ONE BILLION TOOK ONLY 30 YEARS. THE FOURTH ONE BILLION TOOK ONLY 20 YEARS. THE FIFTH ONE BILLION TOOK ONLY 12 YEARS.

  10. WE ARE ADDING POPULATION AT THE RATE OF 80 MILLION PER YEAR - MOSTLY IN THE POOREST COUNTRIES. THIS IS A RECIPE FOR MANY BAD THINGS - NONE OF THEM GOOD.

  11. POSSIBLE TIPPING POINTS: • CHANGE IN EARTH’S ALBEDO • MELTING OF GREENLAND ICE CAP AND CHANGE IN GULF STREAM • MELTING OF PERMAFROST AND RELEASE OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND METHANE • LOSS OF AMAZON RAIN FOREST

  12. FACTORS THAT DETERMINE CLIMATE: LATITUDE ELEVATION NEARBY WATER OCEAN CURRENTS TOPOGRAPHY VEGETATION PREVAILING WINDS El NINO / LA NINA

  13. REGIONAL CLIMATE DETERMINES THE TYPE OF ORGANISMS THAT CAN SURVIVE THERE. WE HAVE TALKED ABOUT BIOMES – AREAS OF SIMILAR CLIMATIC CONDITIONS. THESE INCLUDE: TUNDRA TAIGA TEMPERATE FORESTS GRASSLANDS DESERTS TROPICAL FORESTS AQUATIC BIOMES

  14. ANOTHER CLIMATE CLASSIFICATIION SYSTEM IS THE KOPPEN SYSTEM. IT IS BASED ON THE IDEA THAT THE BEST EXPRESSION OF CLIMATE IS THE TYPE OF NATIVE VEGETATION THAT EXISTS IN THE REGION. THE SYSTEM USES 5 MAJOR CATEGORIES WITH SUBDIVISIIONS. THE KOPPEN SYSTEM IS BASED ON TEMPERATURE, PRECIPITATION, AND SEASONS.

  15. THE FIVE MAJOR DIVISIONS ARE: GROUP A – TROPICAL/HIGH TEMPERATURE CLIMATES GROUP B – DRY CLIMATES GROUP C – MILD TEMPERATE CLIMATES GROUP D – CONTINENTAL/LOW TEMPERATURE CIMATES GROUP E – POLAR CLIMATES EACH MAJOR GROUP IS DIVIDED INTO TWO OR MORE SUB GROUPS DEPENDING ON THE AMOUNT OF RAINFALL AND IF SEASONS EXIST.

  16. FOR EXAMPLE, TAKE GROUP A, TROPICAL. IT IS DIVIDED INTO: Af – TROPICAL RAINFORESTS – ALL 12 MONTHS HAVE AN AVERAGE RAINFALL OF 2.4 IN. OR MORE Am – TROPICAL MONSOON – HAS A DRY SEASON SHORTLY AFTER THE WINTER SOLSTICE, BUT STILL WITH SOME RAIN Aw – TROPICAL WET AND DRY OR SAVANNA - HAS A VERY DRY SEASON

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