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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS CHINA: PART III E DROUGHT EPISODES

LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS CHINA: PART III E DROUGHT EPISODES. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA . NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE CHINA’S COMMUNITIES AT RISK. FLOODS. GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE. TYPHOONS. EARTHQUAKES.

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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS CHINA: PART III E DROUGHT EPISODES

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  1. LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS CHINA: PART III EDROUGHT EPISODES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA 

  2. NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE CHINA’S COMMUNITIES AT RISK FLOODS GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE TYPHOONS EARTHQUAKES ENACT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES HAVING HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE LANDSLIDESS DROUGHT EPISODES GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

  3. DROUGHT IN CHINA: 2010-2011

  4. DROUGHT is an environmental extreme that is characterized by an absence of precipitation in the local and regional water cycle as a consequence of interactions of elements of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere.

  5. CAUSES & CONSE-QUENCES PROLONGED LACK OF PRECIPITATION LOSS OF SOIL MOSTURE LOSS OF CROPS DEPLETION/POLLUTION OF GROUND WATER DROUGHTS LOSS OF VEGETATION DISASTER LABORATORIES INSECT INFESTATION LOSS OF USE OF AG. LAND

  6. THE 2010-2011 DROUGHT EPISODE IN CHINA • The 2010–2011 drought episode, which began in late 2010 after a severe lack of rain and snow, was China’s worst drought episode in 60 years.

  7. THE 2010-2011 DROUGHT EPISODE IN CHINA • Eight of China’s provinces (Anhui, Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shandong, and Shanxi), all wheat -producing regions, were impacted by the drought.

  8. MAP OF CHINA’S PROVINCES

  9. IMPACTS • The drought caused water shortages for an estimated 2.31 million people and 2.57 million livestock.

  10. IMPACTS • Within the eight provinces, 20% of the farmland and 35% of the wheat crop was impacted.

  11. IMPACTS • The Hubei lake shrank to one-eighth of its normal surface area and one-fifth its usual depth, forcing 3,234 local residents to relocate.

  12. IMPACTS • By June, 2011, the drought had affected 35 million people, including 4.2 million facing a drinking water shortage.

  13. IMPACTS • By June, direct economic losses had reached 15 billion yuan (about 2.3 billion USD).

  14. THE PARADOX: While these 8 provinces were experiencing drought, other provinces were experiencing flooding.

  15. UNDERSTANDING DROUGHTA Slow-Onset, Natural Phenomenon That Can Happen Anywhere

  16. Drought– A Natural Phenomenon That Can Cause Disasters Planet Earth’s atmospheric-oceanic-lithospheric interactions cause: • Droughts

  17. CHARACTERISTICS OF DROUGHT • SLOW ONSET • DIVERSE IN LOCATION AND DURATION • DIFFICULT TO MEASURE THE DURATION AND THE EXTENT OF THE SOCIETAL IMPACTS

  18. DROUGHT HAZARDS

  19. DROUGHT HAZARDS (AKA Potential disaster Agents) • HIGH TEMPERATURES • VERY LOW HUMIDITY • LOSS OF SOIL MOISTURE • VANISHING STREAMS, LAKES, AND WATER TABLES

  20. DROUGHT LINKAGES AND RISKS Drought is linked to loss of water quantity and quality, which can lead to major loss of life (people and livestock), loss of livelihoods, loss of habitats, and sometimes famine.

  21. NOTE:Between 108 BC and 1911 AD, 1,828 famines of varying severity occurred in China (i.e., one nearly every year in at least one province)

  22. NOTE:Millions in China have died from lack of food.

  23. DROUGHT RISKS

  24. DROUGHT HAZARDS • LOCATIONS • MONITORING • ADAPTATION • PREPAREDNESS DROUGHT RISK POLICY OPTIONS ACCEPTABLE RISK RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK DROUGHT DISASTER RESILIENCE DATA BASES AND INFORMATION CHINA;S COMMUNITIES HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

  25. HAZARDS EXPOSURE VULNERABILITY LOCATION ELEMENTS OF RISK RISK

  26. E DECREASE IN WATER QUALITY DECREASE IN WATER QUANTITY SUSCEPTIBILITY TO WILDFIRES ECONOMIC LOSS; FAMINE; DEATHS UNACCEPTABLE RISK RISK

  27. DROUGHT RISKS (FOR A SLOW ONSET NATURAL HAZARD) • Loss of life (People and animals) • Loss of livelihoods and habitats • Loss of crops and agricultural land (e.g., from desertification) • Reductions in water quantity and quality

  28. DROUGHT RISKS (FOR A SLOW ONSET NATURAL HAZARD) • Large-scale migrations of people from areas experiencing droughts and famines.

  29. FACILITATING ACHIEVEMENT OF DROUGHT DISASTER RESILIENCE EMERGING TECNOLOGIES

  30. WEATHER FORECASTS MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., REMOTE SENSING) WARNING SYSTEMS DATABASES FOR PAST DROUGHTS COMPUTER MODELS OF DROUGHT MAPS DISASTER SCENARIOS HAZARD ASSESSMENT RISK ASSESSMENT EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR DROUGHT RESILIENCE

  31. PURPOSE IDENTIFICATION OF DROUGHT PRECURSORS ALERT AND WARNING TECHNIQUE REMOTE SENSING; SITE-SPECIFIC MONITORING; MODELING PUBLIC AWARENESS; EDUCATION DROUGHT DISASTER RESILIENCE

  32. PURPOSE PROTECT WATER QUANTITY PROTECT WATER QUALITY TECHNIQUE RESERVOIRS; CONSERVATION ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; WATER TREATMENT DROUGHT DISASTER RESILIENCE

  33. PURPOSE LAND-USE CONTROL ADAPTATION TO THE SITUATION TECHNIQUE DROUGHT-RESISTANT CROPS AND VEGETATION COMMUNITY DROUGHT RESPONSE PLAN DROUGHT DISASTER RESILIENCE

  34. RISK ASSESSMENT • VULNERABILITY • EXPOSURE • EVENT • COST • BENEFIT DROUGHTS EXPECTED LOSS POLICY ADOPTION • CONSEQUENCES POLICY ASSESSMENT TOWARDS DROUGHT DISASTER RESILIENCE

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