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Evaluating PICS for Groundnut

Evaluating PICS for Groundnut. H. Sudini 1 , C.L.L. Gowda 1 , V. Margam 2 and L.L. Murdock 3. 1 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, India 2 Computational Biosciences Research Center, KAUST, Saudi Arabia

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Evaluating PICS for Groundnut

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  1. Evaluating PICS for Groundnut H. Sudini 1, C.L.L. Gowda 1, V. Margam 2 and L.L. Murdock 3 1 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, India 2 Computational Biosciences Research Center, KAUST, Saudi Arabia 3 Dept. of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA Purdue Improved Crop Storage Workshop, April 10-12, 2012, Accra, Ghana

  2. Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) • Groundnut (Peanut) is an important food legume in semi-arid tropical countries • Grown in more than 100 countries • India alone ~5.6 M tons (FAOSTAT 2010) • Important post-harvest constraints • Aflatoxin contamination • Bruchid infestation

  3. Mycotoxins • Mycotoxins, the secondary metabolites of Aspergillus,Fusarium, and Penicillium, are among the most common natural contaminants of foods and feeds

  4. Factors affecting aflatoxin contamination during post-harvest • Abiotic • Water activity • Temperature • Gas composition • Biotic • Storage insect pests

  5. Groundnut Bruchid • Caryedon serratus (olivier) is the most important storage pest • The adult is reddish brown beetle • Female beetle attaches its eggs to the pod wall • The eggs are small and milky-white in color and hatch about 8 days • Grubs are stout and fleshy and they complete four instars in about 23 days • Full grown grub makes a round hole on the pod wall through which it leaves the pod and pupate at the bottom. Pupal period ranges between 14 and 16 days • Grubs bore through the pod wall, feed on the internal contents of the seed and make them hollow

  6. Pupa Egg

  7. Linkage • Venu Margam from Purdue visited ICRISAT during late 2010 • Capacity building • Introduced to Dr. Murdock • Developed a proposal to test the efficacy of PICS bags for Groundnut storage • Subsequently Purdue provided financial assistance

  8. PICS experiment on Groundnut @ ICRISAT • Important underlying goals • To check bruchid damage levels • To monitor aflatoxin contamination levels • To test seed viability (Germination) • Two independent experiments with different moisture levels • Ist Batch experiment- 4 months storage • Approximately 8% MC

  9. Methodology • A generalized experiment with 3 replications • 25kg unshelled pods • 5% Groundnut Bruchid infestation (approximately 1.25 kg of infested pods) • On an average 6-8 adults per every 100 grams of pod

  10. Methodology • Observations recorded on • Gas composition at regular intervals (O2/CO2Analyzer-Mocon) • Germination percentage (seed viability before and after the experiment) • Aflatoxin levels before and after the experiment (indirect competitive ELISA)

  11. Sample Processing • Representative sample • 100 g of subsample made into powder • 20g of powder added to 100ml of 70% methanol • Shake it for 30 min. • After filtration, the methanol extracts were stored at 4oC till they used

  12. ELISA Plate Design • Read the plate at 405 nm • Higher toxin concentration confer light color that leads to low OD value and vice versa

  13. Results-Gas composition

  14. Results-Insect damage levels after opening the bags

  15. Results-Germination levels

  16. Results-aflatoxin levels

  17. Visibility of bruchid damage

  18. Conclusions • Large air spaces in the PICS bags with unshelled pods could affecting the gas composition • Since aflatoxin contamination is also a pre-harvest issue, any toxin produced remains in the produce • Sampling variation is a huge factor in assessing aflatoxin levels

  19. Activity2 – Farmer Trials • As part of an IFAD project a group of groundnut farmers and extension agents visited ICRISAT on April 4th, 2012. • Conducted a demonstration of PICS bag usage.

  20. Activity2 – Farmer Trials • Showed them the trials setup in the laboratory and difference in the control vs PICS stored groundnut. • Convinced, the farmers requested bags for testing. Feedback will be obtained from them after 4 months.

  21. Lessons learned/Way Forward • Micro scale level studies are to be conducted to understand the exact relationship between hermetic storage principle (gas composition) and Aspergillusflavusgrowth and subsequent aflatoxin contamination • The Groundnut material representing different components of resistance to aflatoxin contamination need to be studied separately (circumstantial evidence for varietal differences)

  22. Thank you

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