Chapter 5 Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control

1. Chapter 5 Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control

2. Core Case Study: Southern Sea Otters: Are They Back from the Brink of Extinction? • Habitat • Hunted: early 1900s • Partial recovery • Why care about sea otters? • Ethics • Tourism dollars • Keystone species

3. Southern Sea Otter Fig. 5-1a, p. 104

4. 5-1 How Do Species Interact? • Concept 5-1 Five types of species interactions—competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism—affect the resource use and population sizes of the species in an ecosystem.

5. Species Interact in Five Major Ways • Interspecific Competition • Predation • Parasitism • Mutualism • Commensalism

6. Most Species Compete with One Another for Certain Resources • For limited resources • Ecological niche for exploiting resources • Some niches overlap

7. Some Species Evolve Ways to Share Resources • Resource partitioning • Using only parts of resource • Using at different times • Using in different ways

8. Resource Partitioning Among Warblers Fig. 5-2, p. 106

9. Blackburnian Warbler Black-throated Green Warbler Cape May Warbler Bay-breasted Warbler Yellow-rumped Warbler Fig. 5-2, p. 106

10. Blackburnian Warbler Black-throated Green Warbler Cape May Warbler Bay-breasted Warbler Yellow-rumped Warbler Stepped Art Fig. 5-2, p. 106

11. Specialist Species of Honeycreepers Fig. 5-3, p. 107

12. Fruit and seed eaters Insect and nectar eaters Greater Koa-finch Kuai Akialaoa Amakihi Kona Grosbeak Crested Honeycreeper Akiapolaau Apapane Maui Parrotbill Unknown finch ancestor Fig. 5-3, p. 107

13. Most Consumer Species Feed on Live Organisms of Other Species (1) • Predators may capture prey by • Walking • Swimming • Flying • Pursuit and ambush • Camouflage • Chemical warfare

14. Predator-Prey Relationships Fig. 5-4, p. 107

15. Most Consumer Species Feed on Live Organisms of Other Species (2) • Prey may avoid capture by • Run, swim, fly • Protection: shells, bark, thorns • Camouflage • Chemical warfare • Warning coloration • Mimicry • Deceptive looks • Deceptive behavior

16. Some Ways Prey Species Avoid Their Predators Fig. 5-5, p. 109

17. (a) Span worm Fig. 5-5a, p. 109

18. (b) Wandering leaf insect Fig. 5-5b, p. 109

19. (c) Bombardier beetle Fig. 5-5c, p. 109

20. (d) Foul-tasting monarch butterfly Fig. 5-5d, p. 109

21. (e) Poison dart frog Fig. 5-5e, p. 109

22. (f) Viceroy butterfly mimics monarch butterfly Fig. 5-5f, p. 109

23. (g) Hind wings of Io moth resemble eyes of a much larger animal. Fig. 5-5g, p. 109

24. (h) When touched, snake caterpillar changes shape to look like head of snake. Fig. 5-5h, p. 109

25. (a) Span worm (b) Wandering leaf insect (c) Bombardier beetle (d) Foul-tasting monarch butterfly (f) Viceroy butterfly mimics monarch butterfly (e) Poison dart frog (g) Hind wings of Io moth resemble eyes of a much larger animal. (h) When touched, snake caterpillar changes shape to look like head of snake. Stepped Art Fig. 5-5, p. 109

26. Science Focus: Threats to Kelp Forests • Kelp forests: biologically diverse marine habitat • Major threats to kelp forests • Sea urchins • Pollution from water run-off • Global warming

27. Purple Sea Urchin Fig. 5-A, p. 108

28. Predator and Prey Interactions Can Drive Each Other’s Evolution • Intense natural selection pressures between predator and prey populations • Coevolution • Interact over a long period of time • Bats and moths: echolocation of bats and sensitive hearing of moths

29. Coevolution: A Langohrfledermaus Bat Hunting a Moth Fig. 5-6, p. 110

30. Some Species Feed off Other Species by Living on or in Them • Parasitism • Parasite is usually much smaller than the host • Parasite rarely kills the host • Parasite-host interaction may lead to coevolution

31. Parasitism: Trout with Blood-Sucking Sea Lamprey Fig. 5-7, p. 110

32. In Some Interactions, Both Species Benefit • Mutualism • Nutrition and protection relationship • Gut inhabitant mutualism • Not cooperation: it’s mutual exploitation

33. Mutualism: Hummingbird and Flower Fig. 5-8, p. 110

34. Mutualism: Oxpeckers Clean Rhinoceros; Anemones Protect and Feed Clownfish Fig. 5-9, p. 111

35. (a) Oxpeckers and black rhinoceros Fig. 5-9a, p. 111

36. (b) Clownfish and sea anemone Fig. 5-9b, p. 111

37. In Some Interactions, One Species Benefits and the Other Is Not Harmed • Commensalism • Epiphytes • Birds nesting in trees

38. Commensalism: Bromiliad Roots on Tree Trunk Without Harming Tree Fig. 5-10, p. 111

39. 5-2 What Limits the Growth of Populations? • Concept 5-2 No population can continue to grow indefinitely because of limitations on resources and because of competition among species for those resources.

40. Most Populations Live Together in Clumps or Patches (1) • Population: group of interbreeding individuals of the same species • Population distribution • Clumping • Uniform dispersion • Random dispersion

41. Most Populations Live Together in Clumps or Patches (2) • Why clumping? • Species tend to cluster where resources are available • Groups have a better chance of finding clumped resources • Protects some animals from predators • Packs allow some to get prey

42. Population of Snow Geese Fig. 5-11, p. 112

43. Generalized Dispersion Patterns Fig. 5-12, p. 112

44. (a) Clumped (elephants) Fig. 5-12a, p. 112

45. (b) Uniform (creosote bush) Fig. 5-12b, p. 112

46. (c) Random (dandelions) Fig. 5-12c, p. 112

47. Populations Can Grow, Shrink, or Remain Stable (1) • Population size governed by • Births • Deaths • Immigration • Emigration • Population change = (births + immigration) – (deaths + emigration)

48. Populations Can Grow, Shrink, or Remain Stable (2) • Age structure • Pre-reproductive age • Reproductive age • Post-reproductive age

49. Some Factors Can Limit Population Size • Range of tolerance • Variations in physical and chemical environment • Limiting factor principle • Too much or too little of any physical or chemical factor can limit or prevent growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near the optimal range of tolerance • Precipitation • Nutrients • Sunlight, etc

50. Trout Tolerance of Temperature Fig. 5-13, p. 113