1 / 19

Chapter 11

Chapter 11. April 6, 2010. Humans. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Homonidea Genus: Homo Species: Sapiens Subspecies: Homo sapiens sapiens. Other Primates. Suborder: Haplorhini Humans, tarsiers, monkeys, apes

jennifer-bolton
Download Presentation

Chapter 11

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 11 April 6, 2010

  2. Humans • Kingdom: Animalia • Phylum: Chordata • Class: Mammalia • Order: Primates • Family: Homonidea • Genus: Homo • Species: Sapiens • Subspecies: Homo sapiens sapiens

  3. Other Primates • Suborder: Haplorhini • Humans, tarsiers, monkeys, apes • Infraorder: Catarrhinni • Humans, old world monkeys, apes • Infraorder: Platyrrhinii • New world monkeys • Suborder: Strepsirhini • Lemurs, lorises, indiriids

  4. Primates • Hominoidea – superfamily including humans, the small apes (gibbons), and the great apes (chimps, orangutans, gorillas) • Similarities in blood and protein chemistry • Humans share 98% of DNA with chimps • Pentadactyl – having 5 fingers and toes • Prehensile – ability of hands and feet to grasp objects

  5. Primates • Clavicle and scapula (shoulder blade) allow for great range of movement and strength • Reduced sense of smell compared to other mammals • Stereoscopic, color vision • More mobility in head movement versus other mammals • Molars, canines, and incisors – adaptation to generalist diet • Large brains

  6. Adaptations to Arboreal Existence? • Prehensile hands and feet, shoulder and arm design • color stereoscopic vision – for judging distance, identifying food and predators • Low numbers of offspring • Molecular clock – when did humans diverge from chimp ancestors? • mtDNA from mother • 5 to 10 mya

  7. Early Primates • Arose 70 may during late Cretaceous • Related by common ancestor to insectivores and bats • Extinct suborder Plesiadapiformes – appeared in North America 65 mya • Arboreal • Size of squirrels or house cats – rodent-like with primate teeth • Ate seeds and insects • Died out 55 mya

  8. 23 to 14 mya – great increase in ape diversity and range • Extensive forests covered Africa and Eurasia • 20 different genera of Caterrhinii apes from Africa, to western Europe, to southeast Asia • Pliopithecus – western Europe – similar to modern gibbons • Gigantopithecus – China and India – larger than modern gorillas • Ramapithecines – jaws and teeth like humans and apes; skull like orangutans • 14 mya – climate changes requiring adaptation to savanna climate • Lived at forest edge • Bipedal – uses less energy • Reduced canines

  9. Pliopithecus sp.(1); Dryopithecus sp. (2); Australopithecus afarensis (3)Homo habilis (4) (Mammiferi, Primati). Gigantopithecus Pliopithecus sp.

  10. Hominid • Hominid refers to humans and extinct bipedal primate that are ancestral or closely related to humans • Genus Australopithecus • Africa 5 mya • Forest-savanna ecotone • Reduced canines

  11. Australopithecines • Appeared between 4 and 3.8 mya • Disappeared by 1 mya • Fossils found only in Africa • 3.3–5 feet; 66–132 pounds; small brains • Closer to modern chimps and gorillas than modern humans • No evidence of tool making or fire use • Ate nuts and grasses

  12. Early Homo • Oldest Homo fossils 2.5 myo and from Olduvai Gorge, east Africa • Homo habilis (handy man) • Small hominid • Bipedal • Increased brain size • Manufacture and use of specialized tools • Oldowan Tradition

  13. Homo habilis

  14. Homo erectus Acheulean Tradition

  15. Early Homo • Homo erectus – “Java Man” and “Peking Man” • Older than Homo sapiens, younger than Homo habilis • Found in western Europe, Republic of Georgia, Java, China, east and south Africa • 1.7 mya–300,000 years ago • Acheulean Tradition • Used fire

  16. Homo sapiens • More prominent brow and thicker skull than modern-day humans • Appeared 400,000 years ago in Europe, Africa, and Asia • Eve Hypothesis – all modern humans descended from one African Homo sapiens female that lived 200,000 years ago • Multiregional Model – Homo sapiens evolved from Homo erectus separately at two or more geographic locations • Most Anthropologists support Out of Africa Model

  17. Homo sapiens neanderthalensis • Fossils from 130,000 to 35,000 years ago • Europe and Near East • Only hominids that unquestionably did not evolve in sub-Saharan Africa • Not ancestral to modern humans • Evolved from archaic Homo sapiens • Mousterian Tradition • Fire, clothing, shelter, rituals, music

  18. Homo sapiens sapiens • Adapted to warm conditons and open countryside • Human Revolution – 50,000 years ago rapid expansion inside of and out of Africa; creating art and ritual burials

More Related