Essential Question:

1. Essential Question: • What were the significant causes & effects of U.S. western expansion in the 1840s? • Warm-Up Question: • What benefits did the United States face by expanding into the West in the 1840s? • What negatives might the U.S. face because of this expansion?

3. Image Analysis • Examine the image on the next slide & answer these questions: • What point might the artist be making about the American West? • What type of American traveled West? Was this an easy journey? • Why would Americans make the journey into the West?

4. “Westward the Course of Empire” by Emanuel Leutze

5. Primary Source Analysis:Manifest Destiny • Use the following primary sources to answer these questions: • What do the terms “manifest” & “destiny” mean? • What were the perceived benefits of this westward expansion? • How did Americans justify their westward expansion?

6. “The whole continent appears to be destined...to be peopled by one nation. The acquisition of a definite line of boundary to the [Pacific] forms a great epoch in our history.”John Quincy Adams, 6th President of (1825-1829), written in 1811

7. “...It is confidently believed that our system may be safely extended to the utmost bounds of our territorial limits, and that as it shall be extended the bonds of our Union, so far from being weakened, will become stronger...”From the inaugural address of James K. Polk, 11th President (1845-49)

8. “The American claim is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federative self-government entrusted to us. It is a right such as that of the tree to the space of air and earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth...It is in our future far more than in the past history of Spanish exploration or French colonial rights, that our True Title is to be found”Journalist John L. O' Sullivan, New York Morning News (1845)

9. Manifest Destiny Expansion into the West: Texas, Oregon, & California

10. Trends in Antebellum America: 1800-1860 • Greater democracy & the return of the two-party system • Emergence of a national market economy • Increase in federal power • New intellectual & religious movements • Social reforms • Further westward expansion Temperance, Abolition, Women’s Rights, Cult of Domesticity, Education & Asylum Reform Transcendentalism Universal white manhood suffrage Second Great Awakening Democrats vs. Whigs American System: transportation, tariff, 2nd BUS Rise in industry, urbanization, immigration Jefferson’s purchase of Louisiana Jackson’s use of the veto “King Cotton,” commercial farming, slave vs. paid labor systems

11. Western Exploration 1800-1830 John C Fremont 1843-1844 mapped the overland trails to Oregon & California Jedediah Smith 1822-1830 was the 1st American to explore California Major Stephen Long 1819-1820 mapped the Great Plains & tried to scare off British fur trappers Zebulon Pike 1806-1807 explored the Great Plains & Rocky Mountains Lewis & Clark 1804-1806 were part of 1st U.S. sponsored western exploratory mission

12. Manifest Destiny

13. Manifest Destiny • ThespreadofsettlersbeyondU.S. borders led to widespread calls for annexation of newly-settled lands • The term “Manifest Destiny” was 1st used in 1845 by newspaper editor John O’Sullivan, who said: • GodwantstheUSA(“Hischosen nation”) to become stronger • Expansion of American democracy & economic opportunities were a good thing

14. “American Progress” by John Gast, 1872

15. Western Trails Joseph Smith’s murder led to resettlement in Salt Lake, Utah where Brigham Young built a Mormon community (“Deseret”) The Santa Fe Trail allowed the U.S. to sell goods to Texas In 1857, Mormon Utah became a U.S. territory & Young was named governor The Oregon Trail led to massive immigration of western farmers in 1840s & demands to end the joint U.S.-British occupation of Oregon The California Trail allowed traders & ranchers to move to California in 1830s & 1840s Joseph Smith founded the Mormon Church in 1830, but were persecuted in the East for their unorthodox beliefs

16. What was the journey west across the Oregon Trail like?

17. “Life on the Oregon Trail” Excerpt #1 “Pioneers along the Oregon Trail averaged 15 miles per day, almost exclusively on foot, for nearly 6 months”

18. “Life on the Oregon Trail” Excerpt #2 “Covered wagons dominated traffic on the Oregon Trail. The typical wagon was about 11 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 2 feet deep, with bows of hardwood supporting a bonnet that rose about 5 feet above the wagon bed. With only one set of springs under the driver's seat and none on the axles, nearly everyone walked along with their herds of cattle and sheep.”

19. “Life on the Oregon Trail” Excerpt #3 “A typical day started before dawn with breakfast of coffee, bacon, and dry bread. The wagon was repacked in time to get underway by 7 o'clock. At noon, they stopped for a cold meal of coffee, beans, and bacon. Then back on the road again. Around 5 in the afternoon, they circled the wagons for the evening. The men secured the animals and made repairs while women cooked a hot meal of tea, boiled rice, and bacon”

20. “Life on the Oregon Trail” Excerpt #4 “When the Trail got crowded (in 1849 and later) camping became more difficult. The biggest problem was finding fuel for the campfires. Soon trees were scarce and there was only one alternative: buffalo dung. No one liked collecting it, but it did burn and gave off a consistent odorless flame”

21. “Life on the Oregon Trail” Excerpt #5 “Weather-related dangers included thunderstorms, hailstones, lightning, tornadoes, & high winds. The intense heat of the deserts caused wood to shrink & rims to fall of axles. The pioneers’ lips blistered and split in the dry air, and their only remedy was to rub axle grease on their lips. River crossings were often dangerous: even in slow currents & shallow water, wagon wheels could be damaged by rocks or become mired in the muddy bottom.”

22. “Life on the Oregon Trail” Excerpt #6 “Nearly 1 in 10 who set off on the Oregon Trail did not survive. The two biggest causes of death were disease and accidents. The worst disease was cholera, caused by unsanitary conditions. People in good spirits in the morning could be dead by evening. Symptoms started with an intense stomach ache, then came diarrhea and vomiting causing dehydration. If death did not occur within the first 12 to 24 hours, the victim usually recovered”

23. “Life on the Oregon Trail” Excerpt #7 “Indians were usually the least of the pioneers’ problems. Tales of hostile encounters far overshadowed actual incidents. Indian conflicts occasionally resulted from trigger-happy emigrants who shot at Indians for target practice. A few massacres were highly publicized. The Ward Train was attacked by Shoshones who tortured & murdered 19 emigrants”

24. Image Analysis • Examine the image on the next slide & answer these questions: • What point might the artist be making about the American West? • What type of American traveled West? Was this an easy journey? • Why would Americans make the journey into the West?

25. The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869

26. Overland Immigration to the West Between 1840 & 1860, more than 250,000 people made the trek westward

27. 19th Century US Territorial Expansion: MaineTexas OregonCalifornia(Tyler & Polk Videos)

28. Maine

29. Territorial Expansion by Mid-19th Century • Canada • In 1839, fighting broke out between residents in Maine & Canada over the disputed Maine border • Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842): • The U.S. received ½ the disputed land • Established a clear border in Maine

30. Maine Boundary Settlement, 1842 The Aroostook War (“Lumberjack’s War”) was fought over lumbering in disputed territories And that’s the end of that! No more Maine issues

31. Texas

32. Territorial Expansion by Mid-19th Century • Texas • In 1821, Mexico won independence from Spain • The new Mexican government opted for a free-trade policy with USA • Thousands of U.S. speculators moved to Texas

33. The Texas Revolution “Texans” ignored the Mexican ban on slavery • In the 1820s, Mexico encouraged U.S. immigration to Texas but problems emerged between “Anglos” & the new Mexican gov’t • Texans never fully accepted Mexican rules • In 1834, Santa Anna became dictator & was viewed as threat to Texans’ interests • An armed rebellion broke out in 1835, led by Stephen F. Austin “Texans” refused to convert to Catholicism “Texans” refused to pay import duties “Texans” wanted self-rule like in the U.S.

34. The Republic of Texas (1836-1845) • In 1836 Texans declared their independence from Mexico & wrote a national constitution • But the war for independence still had to be fought

35. Texans were defeated at the Alamo Texans were defeated at Goliad In May 1836, Santa Anna recognized Texas’ independence & its territory to the Rio Grande But…Texans won at San Jacinto & captured General Santa Anna

36. Davey Crockett’s Last Stand The Battle of the Alamo General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna recaptures the Alamo

37. The Republic of Texas • SamHoustonwasthe1stpresident of the Republic of Texas & asked the U.S. to make Texas a state • Presidents Jackson & Van Buren both refused to annex Texas (to avoid arguments over slavery) • Texas offered free land grants to U.S. settlers; white families in search of land & opportunity moved to Texas in 1830s & 1840s Texas’ population soared from 30,000 to 142,000 by 1845

38. Essential Question: • How did the concept of the “West” change from 1800 to 1860?

39. Tyler and Texas • In 1844, President Tyler called for the annexation of Texas: • Tyler (Whig) & Calhoun (Dem) created a propaganda campaign that England wanted Texas • Northern Senators did not fall for it & refused to ratify the treaty to annex Texas • Tyler was not nominated by either party in the 1844 election Tyler needed to make Texas a campaign issue in the election of 1844 because he had been kicked out of the Whig Party & hoped to appeal to the common man

40. Polk & Texas Annexation The first “dark horse” candidate • In 1844, the Whigs nominated Henry Clay & the Democrats nominated James Polk • Polk won on expansionist platform • Called for Texas annexation • Called for an end to the joint U.S.-British control of Oregon • Polk & Congress interpreted the election as mandate for expansion & Texas was quickly made a state Appealed to the South Appealed to the North

42. Mexican-American War • Causes of the Mexican War: • Mexico recognized Texas’ independence & U.S. annexation, but disagreed over Texas’ southern border • In May 1846, Polk sent U.S. General Zachary Taylor beyond the Rio Grande River which led to the Mexican-American War

43. The Mexican-American War John C Fremont won in California The disputed area of Texas Zachary Taylor won in northern Mexico Stephen Kearney captured New Mexico Winfield Scott captured Mexico City

44. Opposition to the Mexican War Not everyone supported the Mexican-American War Whigs opposed it Northerners saw it as a Southern “slave-power” plot to extend slavery

45. Ending the Mexican War Added the Gadsden Purchase in 1853 to build a southern transcontinental railroad The U.S. grew 20% by adding the Mexican Cession (present-day NM, AZ, CA, Utah, NV, & parts of CO & WY • In 1848, U.S. & Mexico ended the war with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo: The Rio Grande became the recognized U.S. southern border

46. Oregon

47. Territorial Expansion by Mid-19th Century • Oregon • U.S. & Britain jointly occupied Oregon (Spain relinquished its claims to Oregon in the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819) • Britain claimed a greater stake of Oregon via Hudson Bay Co. (fur trade)

48. The Oregon Boundary Dispute But, the USA & England compromised & divided Oregon along 49th parallel in 1846 Oregon residents demanded the entire territory: “54º40’ or fight!” In 1846, President Polk notified Britain that the U.S. wanted full control of Oregon

49. Territorial Expansion by Mid-19th Century Benefits of Oregon: the U.S. gained its 1st deep-water port in the Pacific & Northern abolitionists saw Oregon as a balance to slave-state Texas

50. California