Biology EOC Review

1. Unifying Concepts Structure and Function of Living Organisms 18-22% Ecosystems 18-22% Evolution and Genetics 43-53% Molecular Biology 15-19% Biology EOC Review

2. Topic:Ecology

3. Ecology • Collection of abiotic (nonlivng) and biotic (living) factors in an area • Together they influence growth, survival, and productivity of an organism

4. Symbiotic Relationships • Relationship between two organisms • Types: • Mutualism (+,+) • Both Benefit Example: insects and flowers • Parasitism (+,-) • 1 Benefits and 1 Harmed Example: Human and a Tapeworm; dog and tick

5. Predation • Predator: hunter; eats prey • Prey: being hunted or eaten • Evolve in response to one another • Example: As the number of prey increases, the number of predators increases • Help maintain stability within an ecosystem

6. Carbon Cycle • Carbon cycles through an ecosystem through: • Photosynthesis:CO2 • Decomposition: Plants die, buried as fossil fuels • Humans burn fossil fuels and CO2 enters atmosphere • Climate change: CO2 is a greenhouse gas; traps heat in atmosphere • Cellular Respiration: Humans breathe out CO2 and breathe in O2

7. Nitrogen Cycle • 78% of air is nitrogen • Plants receive nitrogen from the soil. • Nitrogen fixing bacteria converts nitrogen into a usable form (ammonia) • Nitrogen is part of the amino acid chain which makes proteins which leads to DNA synthesis

8. Food Chain-shows the flow of energy from one organism to another organism

9. Social Behavior • Communication between individuals of the same species • Can be courtship, territorial (ex:fighting fish) or chemical/pheromones (ex: bees, ants, termites)

10. Food Web • System of interlocking and independent food chains that shows all possible feeding relationships between organisms • Plants:producers/autotrophs • Animals:consumers/heterotrophs

11. Trophic Levels • Steps in a food chain/web • Energy passes from one organism to another • About 10% of the energy at one level passes to the next

12. Carrying Capacity/Logistic Growth • “S” shaped • Maximum number of individuals that an ecosystem can support • Limiting factors: • Food availability • Competition • Disease • Predation • Natural Disasters • Climate • Territory

13. Human Population/Exponential Growth • Growth= birth rate-death rate • Unlimited resources (food, shelter, mates, land, etc • “J” shaped

14. Effect of Disease on Ecosystem • AIDS • Influenza • Tuberculosis • Dutch Elm Disease • Psfiesteria • Ecosystems with lots of variation (genetic diversity and diversity of species) is more resilient to the impacts of diseases because there is a greater possibility that some species have evolved resistance or if a species is lost there will be another species to fill the niche of an extinct species.

15. Human Impacts Positive Negative Acid Rain Deforestation Habitat Destruction Invasive Species Ozone depletion from the release of CFCs • Reforestation • Cover Cropping • Recycling • Sustainable practice (Reduce, reuse, and recycle) • Organic

16. North Carolina Ecosystems Impact • Acid rain effects in mountains • Beach erosion • Urban development in the Piedmont leading to habitat destruction and water runoff • Waste lagoons on hog farms • Kudzu as an invasive plant

17. Global Warming • Increase in the average temperature of the earth • Caused by the release of too much CO2 into the atmosphere which amplifies the greenhouse effect • Burning of fossil fuels, volcanic eruptions

18. Bioaccumulation • An increase in environmental toxins at higher tropic levels • Ex. DDT and birds of prey

19. Innate Behavior“Instincts” • Behaviors an animal is born with • Includes • Suckling (attachment for feeding) • Migration (leave north to go south for warmer climate) • Hibernation (during winter months) • Estivation ( • imprinting (young duckling following mother duck at first sight) • Ex. weaving of spider webs;

20. Learned Behavior • Behavior an animal acquires during its lifetime • Includes • Habituation (habit forming) • Classical Conditioning (Pavlov’s dog; stimulus association) • Trial and error (learn by trying) Example: Chimpanzee connecting bamboo poles

21. Topic:Biochemistry

22. Biochemistry • All living things are made of organic compounds. • Contain the element Carbon • Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

23. Carbohydrates • Monomer/subunit- monosaccharide • Function- quick energy source and structure • Tests: glucose-Benedicts starch- Iodine fructose • Ex: Cellulose (cell wall), glycogen, starch, sucrose • Ends in –ose: sugar • Ends in –ase: enzyme • Ends in –ol: alcohol

24. Lipids“The Letter E” • Made of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol • Function- energy storage and insulation • Tests: brown paper test • Examples: fats, steroids, and phospholipids; potato chips leave greasy residue on napkins Lipid vs. water

25. Nucleic Acids • Monomer/subunit- nucleotide (sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base) • Function- carry genetic information • Ex. DNA and RNA

26. Proteins • Monomer/subunit- amino acids • Function- building and repairing cells, communication, transport, gene expression, and regulation • Tests- Biurets • Shape determines the function. • Examples: insulin, enzymes, hemoglobin

27. Enzymes • “organic catalysts” • Specific; “lock and key method” • Protein • Reusable • Affected by temperature and pH • Speed up chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy

28. TOPIC:Cells

29. Prokaryotes Simple, no membrane bound organelles No Nucleus Bacteria only One circular chromosome Includes: chromosome, ribosomes, and plasma membrane Eukaryotes Membrane bound organelles Plants and Animals True nucleus containing chromosomes Animal and Plant Cell Cells

30. Prokaryote and Eukaryote

31. Nucleus/Nucleolus • “Control Center” • Contains chromosomes • Genetic Information Nucleolus: Ribosomal Synthesis (make ribosomes)

32. “Powerhouse” Produces energy in the form of ATP Site of Aerobic/cellular respiration Cristae (folds) increase surface area to increase energy production Mitochondria

33. Site of photosynthesis: the way plants make their food-autotrophs Use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and glucose Plant cells ONLY Contains the green pigment chlorophyll Chloroplast

34. Vacuole • Storage of excess materials • Plant cells usually contain one large vacuole

35. Ribosomes • Proteins are synthesized • Found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

36. Surrounds the cell Regulates what enters/leaves the cell (bouncer/security guard) Helps maintain homeostasis (stable internal balance) Made of phospholipids with embedded proteins Gatekeeper Plasma Membraneaka: Cell Membrane

37. Cell Wall • Plant cells ONLY • Surrounds cell and provides support and protection. • Made of cellulose

38. Eukaryotes Plant Animal • Cell wall • Chloroplast • Large central vacuole

39. Cell Organization Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Individual organism

40. cells develop to perform different functions; structure determines function Regulated by genes Cell Specialization

41. Cell Differentiation/Specialization -DNA must be activated “turn on” -DNA determines function and structure -Nearly all cells contain the same DNA -Embryonic and Adult Stem Cells (bone marrow)

42. Chemical Signals (hormones) can be sent from one cell to another Receptor proteins on the plasma membrane receive the signal Cell to Cell Communication

43. Topic: Cellular Processes

44. Diffusion • Form of passive transport (NO ENERGY NEEDED) across a membrane • Solutes move from high concentration to low concentration

45. Osmosis • Diffusion of water • Passive transport • NO ENERGY • With concentration gradient • High to low concentration • Example: Food color in water; riding bike down hill

46. Active Transport • Particles moving against the concentration gradient which REQUIRES ENERGY (ATP) • Low concentration to high concentration • Example: Riding back up the hill requires energy • Energy needed to maintain homeostasis within organisms • Example: rid cell of toxins; movement to avoid danger; movement to find food, water, mates, etc.

47. Energy storing molecule Can be used for quick energy by the cell Energy is stored in the phosphate bonds Break bonds to release energy Think about “glowstick” break to activate glowing ATP Energy Molecule

48. Hyper: Shrink Water moves out of the cell -Salt water Solutions Hypo: Swell Think “Hippo” Water moves into cell • “same”/”equal” • Movement of water is the same in and out of a cell

49. Cell Cycle • Interphase: cell spends the most time (G1 (growth), S (DNA replicates/copy), G2 (check for errors) • Mitosis: makes body cells; asexual; parent and offspring identical • Cytokinesis: cytoplasm divides

50. Phases of Mitosis“PMAT” Prophase: “preparation” Metaphase: “middle” Anaphase: “apart” Telophase: “two”