APA Workshop

1. APA Workshop Basics of APA Publication Style Power point revised by LueLinda Egbert, College of Southern Idaho

2. What will be covered: • APA publication style – what it is, why you need to know it • Writing a research/term paper • How to choose a topic • Finding appropriate materials • Organizing notes • Creating outline and “blocks” • Technical writing style (content)

3. APA Publication Style – 6th edition (Overview) • Describes rules for preparation of manuscripts for writers and students in psychology, education, etc. • However – used in a majority of social sciences • Grad school – APA required for all assignments

4. General Guidelines • Use 8 ½” x 11” paper • 1” margins all around • 12 pt. Times-New Roman • Double-spaced throughout paper • Full tab (5 -7 spaces) at beginning of paragraphs

5. Running head: AUTOBIOGRAPHICA ESSAY • Abbreviate title – not to exceed 50 characters • Running head: (typed this way) • TITLE (ALL IN CAPITAL LETTERS) • Title page has the word “Running head” in the header with several spaces between the page number which is flushed right. • This header will appear at top of all subsequent pages without “Running head”.

6. Title Page • All Centered, and in upper half of title page: • Title of the paper • Your name and • school affiliation • Name and school on separate lines

7. Running head: AUTOBIOGRAHICAL 1(This information above is in the header) Autobiographical Essay Doe, John Instructor: Dr. Egbert EDUC 201: Foundations of Education, 1:00 (This information is centered from left to right but located towards the upper half of your paper.)

8. AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL 2(font size 12 in Times new Roman) Abstract Center the word “Abstract” (no bold, formatting, italics, underlining, or quotation marks). Write a concise summary of the key points and purpose of your research. (Do not indent.) It is single paragraph double-spaced with no more than 150 words. Use active voice rather than passive. Content is double spaced like the rest of the paper.

9. Autobiographical Essay 3(font size 12 in Times new Roman) Full title here, centered and bold Begin your paper (with bold formatting, no italics, underlining, or quotation marks). Remember to indent five spaces. What is the thesis of your paper? Write a concise introduction explaining what you will talk about in your paper. Double space and make sure you have three sentences.

10. In-text Citations • Includes author(s) last name and date reference was published • All in-text cites must correspond with reference list. If you: • Summarize facts and ideas using name, study, etc. • Paraphrase a source • Use exact wording You must cite the source!

11. In –text Citations Any facts or ideas acquired from outside sources must be cited – even if you don’t quote the source directly. Only exception is info that is common knowledge (i.e. Florida is a peninsula)

12. Different Ways to Include Citations a. Parenthetically (end of sentence) The results were inconclusive (Jones, 1998). b. At beginning of sentence Jones (1998) compared student performance... Do not use quotes with 40 words or more; instead, you will need to put the information in your own words.

13. In-text Citations c. Within the sentence In 1998, Jones compared student performance …. OR In 1998, Jones conducted a study of college students…. D. When using quotes, include page number In 1998, Jones stated, “teenagers are… when in school” (p. 212).

14. Secondary Sources • If you read a source in which the author refers to a different source, and you refer to that second source: • Indicate thus “as cited in” • Only include second source in reference list • Example: Howard Gardner (as cited in Berns, 2010) was influential in education.

15. Citing Secondary Source • Howard Gardner (as cited in Berns, 2010) found that an estimated… • On reference page, the Berns reference would be listed, not the Howard Gardner reference.

16. Reference • Purpose – So reader can easily find full publication info on any in-text citations. • Begin a new page – include page header w/ page number • Type in the word Reference(s) – centered • First line will be flush left, next lines will be full tab in…called hanging indent (the first line hangs over the second line).

17. What to Include: • Author(s): last name and initials • Date work was published (year only) • Title of work, and title of journal, newspaper, magazine, or book the work is included within. • Issue and volume number, and pages • Who and where published (book)

18. Possible References • Book • Journal article (both one and multiple authors) • Book with no author • Newsletter • Book chapter in edited book • Electronic document

19. Book Reference (w/edition number) Mitchell, T. R. & Larson, J. R. (1991). People in organizations: An introduction to organizational behavior (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

20. Book with no author or editor Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. *Place title in author position. *Alphabetize by the first significant word in title. *In text, use first few words of title in place of author's name. (Merriam-Webster, 1993).

21. Book chapter in Edited Book Bjork, R. A. (1999). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human memory. In H. L. Roediger & F. I. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory and conciousness(p. 309-315). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

22. Journal Article(One or more authors) One author, with volume and issue # Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 126(2), 910-924.

23. Journal article/Book – three to six authors Reference Saywitz, S. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Cohen, J. A. (2000). Treatment for sexually abused children and adolescents. American Psychologist, 55, 1040-1049. In-text Citation *First time used in paper type (Parsons, Hinson, & Sardo-Brown, 2008). *If three or more authors than, type in “et al.” To cite this, only put first author’s name and et al. (Parsons et al., 2000).

24. Magazine Article *Same concept as journal article, except add date shown on publication – month for monthlies, or month and day for weeklies. Kandel, E. R. & Squire, L. (1998, November 10). The study of mind and brain. Scientific American, 290, 113-120.

25. Electronic Sources Internet articles based on a print source: Vandenbos, S. A. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology students [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.

26. Article in an internet-only journal Frederickson, H. J. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health. Prevention & Treatment, 3. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre003ooo1a.html

27. Stand –alone document, no author identified, no date GVU’s 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.) Retrieved August 2, 2004, from http://www.cc.gatech.edu/user_surveys/survey-1997-10/ To cite in-text, use short title and n.d. (GVU’s 8th WWW user survey, n.d.).

28. Charter Schools in Idaho 7References(Double space all lines as shown here) • Berns, R.M. (2007). Child, family, school, community: Socialization and support (7th ed.).Belmont, CA: Thomson Learning, Inc. • Kauchak, D., Eggen, P., & Carter, C. (2005). Introduction to teaching: Becoming a professional (2nd ed.). Columbus, Ohio: Merrill Prentice Hall.

29. Continue…….the word “References” is not bold, underlined , or italicized • Gargiulo, R.M. (2009) Special education in contemporary society (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing, Inc. • Parsons, R.D., Hinson, S.L. & Sardo-Brown, D. (2008). Educational psychology: College of southern Idaho. Belmont, CA: Thompson Learning, Inc. • Schimmel, D., Fischer, L., & Stellman, L. R., (2008). What every educator should know: Lewis and Clark College. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.

30. Create and Fill In Outline 8. Begin outline. I. Introduction (thesis statement) A. Sub-Heading #1 B. Sub-heading #2 II. Conclusion

31. Fill In Outline • Flesh out with your notes. • As you begin to write (or type), look at each sub-heading as a ”block”. • Use the sub-headings • General rule: two paragraphs of material per subtitle.

32. Technical Writing Style • Write using personal pronoun (we) instead of third person (the author reviewed) or use first person (I will…as the sole author of the paper). • Use active voice as much as possible avoid using: “which”, “may be”, “may mean”. • Use more definitive words: “indicates”, or take out qualifiers.

33. Precise Wording • Research requires precision in reporting results: TOO VAGUE: “Studies indicate children are often afraid of the dark.” What age children? How long is often? “Studies indicate children aged 5-7 express fear of the dark 50% of the time.” or etc.

34. Precise Wording • If sources give specific measurements, locations, etc., be sure to include these – don’t gloss over details. • Word Choice – Make sure every word means exactly what you want it to mean (no slang or evasive phrases). Example – The word feel, believe, think could be substituted for action words or direct statements, and are not acceptable in technical writing.

35. Indicating Gender • If singular, proper usage is he or she. • If possible, make into a plural. Example: “Steelworkers had difficulty in performing the tasks assigned to them.” NOT: “A steelworker had …assigned to him (or them).”

36. Terms • Supporting points are developed with ideas from the writer’s readings, own experience, knowledge, or observation • Supporting details and examples are used to explain 15 educational terms • Terms are bold and underlined the first time they are used in the essay. • Terms must be fully explained

37. Commas are used: • To separate three or more items (words or phrases) in a list • They sent us notebooks, pens, pencils, and rulers. • To separate independent clauses linked by a conjunction • If each clause makes sense on its own, use a comma. • The Queen will arrive today, and the King will arrive on Monday. • To separate introductory words, phrases or clauses • However, I think we need a change. • In general, we work a four-day week.

38. Commas are used: • To separate a dependent clause from an independent clause, starting with a verb (make sure to insert the subject): • Having a teacher who is well acquainted with learning styles, this can help tremendously. • While studying subjects like math, it would be better to ability group the students. • To separate “if-then” statements and qualifying words beginning a statement • If I wait for the students to continue, they will be more successful.

39. Semicolon: • The market reached 900 points; the dollar continued to rise. • Before a second clause starting with an introductory word • The company needs more staff; however, they must be qualified • To separate clauses or phrases already containing commas • At the meeting were Mr. Davis, chairperson; Ms. Thompson, company secretary; and Mr. Peters, sales director.

40. Colon are used: • Before a statement that explains, enlarges or summarizes • We need to find a solution: one that will solve all our problems. • Before a list (these may be written as dot points) • I have three duties: dictation, typing, and filing.

41. Editing marks on papers new paragraph add a new word, paragraph, or punctuation take out a word, paragraph, or punctuation W/C change a word; word choice SP spelling Frag. Fragment of a sentence Run on Sentence uses improper

42. Editing Marks of Paper • Sentence usage improper • sentence needs punctuation • change capital case to small • change small case to capital • awkward sentence structure Punct Awk

43. More Resources www.apastyle.org http://owl.english.purdue.edu/ workshops/ www.refworks.com/refworks