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Medical Parasitology Lab. Revision

Medical Parasitology Lab. Revision . Protozoa. Classification of protozoa according to final habitat in man: Intestinal and urogenital parasites: E.g.: Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lambilia, Trichomonas vaginalis, Balantidium coli. Blood and Tissue parasites:

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Medical Parasitology Lab. Revision

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  1. Medical Parasitology Lab. Revision

  2. R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  3. Protozoa • Classification of protozoa according to final habitat in man: • Intestinal and urogenital parasites: • E.g.: Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lambilia, Trichomonas vaginalis, Balantidium coli. • Blood and Tissue parasites: • E.g.: Toxoplasma gondii, Tryponasma spp., leishmania spp., Plasmodium spp.. R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  4. Nematode • Classification of nematode according to the final habitat in the man: • Intestinal nematode: • E.g.: Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis, Anclystoma duodenalae, Trichuris trichiura, and Strongyloides stercoralis. • Tissue nematode: • E.g.: Wucherariabancrofti,Trichinellaspiralis, and Loa loa. R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  5. Trematoda • Also name as Flukes. • Classification of Trematoda according to the final habitat in man: • Liver flukes ( liver or bile ducts ): • E.g.: Fasciola spp. • Intestinal flukes : • E.g.: Hetrophyes hetrophes. • Blood flukes: • E.g.: Schistosoma spp. R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  6. Intestinal Protozoa Entamoeba histolytica/ dispar • E. histolytica inhabit large intestine and cause amoebic dysentery. • There is two diagnostic stages for E. histolytica/ dispar: • Cyst ( infective stage ). • Trophozoite ( motile form, motility by pseudopodia ). • Diagnosis: • Stool examination to see cyst stage, or trophozoite stage if the sample is fresh. R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  7. E. histolytica/dispar Cyst R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011 Iodine Wet mount

  8. E. histolytica/dispar Trophozoite R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  9. Intestinal Protozoa Giardia Lamblia • It is the most common flagellate of the intestinal tract that cause giardiasis . • There is two diagnostic stages for Giardia lamblia : • Cyst ( infective stage ). • Trophozoite ( motile form, motility by flagella ). • Diagnosis: • Stool examination to see cyst stage, or trophozoite stage if the sample is fresh. R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  10. G. lamblia Cyst R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  11. G. lamblia Trophozoite R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  12. Urogenital Protozoa Trichomonas vaginalis • Its pathogenic, inhabit the urogenital system. • There is no cyst stage but only have trophozoite stage: • Trophozoite is the infective and diagnostic stage and motile by flagella. • Diagnosis: • - Female: finding trophozoite in vaginal discharge. • - Male: finding organism in urethral prostatic discharge. R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  13. T. Vaginalis trophozoite R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  14. Intestinal Protozoa Cryptosporidium parvum • Infect human and most mammals. • There is one diagnostic stage for Cryptosporidium parvum: • Oocyst have 4 sporozoites. • Infective stage: Oocyst containing sporozoites. • Diagnosis: • Detecting oocyst in stool. • Staining with Acid – fast stain. R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  15. C. parvum oocyst R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  16. Tissue Protozoa Toxoplasma gnodii • Habitat: reticulo-endothelial system, monocyte, and muscle fiber and cause toxoplasmosis. • There are two diagnostic stages for Toxoplasma gondii: • Cyst • Oocyst have 4 tachyzoites . • Infective stage: Oocyst. • Intermediate host: Human. • Definitive host: Cat. R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  17. T. gondii tachyzoites R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  18. Blood Parasites R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  19. Blood Protozoa Trypanosoma spp. • T. cruci (Americans) cause Chaga’s disease. • T. bruci (Africans) cause sleeping sickness disease. • have many stages: • Amastigote, Promastigote, Trypomastigote, and Epimastigote. • Intermediate host: Tse tsefly. • Definitive host: Human. • Infective stage: Metacyclic trypomastigote. • Diagnostic stage: Trypomastigote. • Diagnosis: • Blood smear within 21 days from the bite, it will show the parasites. R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  20. Trypanosoma R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  21. Blood protozoa Leishmania spp. • There is many species affect man: • L. tropica: cause skin lesion ( cutaneous ) • L. braziliense: cause muco-cutaneous lesion. • L. donovani : cause visceral lesion. • Have two stages: • Amastigote ( Leishmania stage ), in man (reticuloendothelial cell). • Promastigote ( Leptomonas stage ), the infective stage and present in the lumen gut of the sand fly. • Intermediate host: Sand fly. • Definitive host: Human. • Diagnosis: • - Thick and thin blood film. • - Skin scraping. R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  22. Leishmania promastigote R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  23. Blood Protozoa Plasmodium spp. • Four species of Plasmodium are the causative agent of malaria, these are: • P. vivax, P. malariae, P. falciparum, and P. ovale. • Intermediate host: Human. • Definitive host: Anopheles mosquitoes. • Plasmodium spp. have 4 stages: • Ring form (young trophozoite.), Late ( old ) trophozoite, Schizonts, and Gametocyte. • Infective stage: Sporozoites. • Diagnosis: • Thick and stained thin blood film to detect parasites. R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  24. R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  25. R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  26. R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  27. R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  28. Ring form P. ovale P. vivax P. falciparum P. malariae

  29. Trophozoite form P. ovale P. vivax P. falciparum P. malariae

  30. Schizonts form P. ovale P. vivax P. falciparum P. malariae

  31. Gametocyte form P. ovale P. vivax P. falciparum P. malariae

  32. Comparison R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  33. Nematode Ascaris lumbricoides • Ascaris lumbricoides is the giant roundworm of human, inhabit small intestine and cause Ascariasis . • There are three diagnostic stages for Ascaris lumbricoides : • Eggs (embryonated, fertilized, and unfertilized). • Larvae. • Adult: • Male: have 2 minute spicules and copulatory bursa. • Female: pointed tail and have no spicules. • Infective stage: Embryonated eggs. • Diagnosis: Stool analysis to detect egg or larvae. R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  34. Adult Stage 50 cm 30 cm R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  35. Ova or eggs • There are 3 shapes of ova: • Embryonated egg: • Corticated. • Decorticated. • Fertilized egg: • Corticated. • Decorticated. • Unfertilized egg: • Corticated. • Decorticated. R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  36. Embryonated egg R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011 Corticated Decorticated

  37. Fertilized eggs R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011 Corticated Decorticated

  38. Unfertilized eggs R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011 Corticated Decorticated

  39. Larvae stage R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  40. Nematode Enterobius vermicularis • Other names: human pin worm and seat worm. • Young and mature worms are present in small intestine (at terminal ileum till fertilization). • Gravid females are present at lower rectum where they lay ova at perianal region around anus. • Infective stage: Eggs. • Diagnosis: • - Egg in stool is rarely detected but adults present after purgative. • - Egg can be detected at perianal area by using scotch tape test. R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  41. E. vermicularis adult R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  42. E. vermicularis eggs R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  43. Nematode Anclystoma duodenalae ( Hook worm ) • Inhabit human intestine ( jejunum, ileum, and rarely duodenum ) and cause Anclystomiasis. • Male shorter than female and have copulatory bursa and two spicules. • Female is long and has pointed end. • Both sexes have long buccal cavity with two pairs of teeth. • Infective stage: Filariform larvae. • Diagnosis: • Based on finding ova in fresh stool sample. • In old sample, larvae present and must be differentiated from larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis . R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  44. Anclystoma Egg • Hook worm eggs like insects or mites egg, therefore must be differentiated. R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011 Mites egg Plant material Hook worm egg

  45. Anclystoma adult R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011 Female Male

  46. Anclystoma larvae R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011 Filariform Rhabditiform

  47. Anclystoma male copulatory bursa R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  48. Anclystoma buccal capsule R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

  49. Nematode Strongyloides stercoralis • Adults lives in the small intestine ( duodenum and jejunum ). • Male have a pointed curved tail associated with two spicules. • Female have strait tail without spicules. • In contrast to the Anclystoma spp., both sexes have short buccal cavity. • Infective stage: Filariform larvae. • Diagnosis: • Based on recovery of the rhabditiform larvae passed in stool. • If diarrhea is present, eggs may also be recovered. R. Z. Ahmed, Medical Parasitology Lab., 2011

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