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Flexibility counts more than precision

Discover the importance of flexibility in natural language generation for producing high-quality, grammatical, and contextually fitting texts. Explore applications in commercial systems, game-based training, and deep natural language understanding. Also, learn about regenerating content in different styles for various purposes.

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Flexibility counts more than precision

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  1. Flexibility counts more than precision David McDonald BBN Technologies dmcdonald@bbn.com http://alum.mit.edu/www/davidmcdonald/

  2. $$$ • Any serious effort depends on funding (e.g. RAGS) • Participating in an unfunded shared task isn’t reasonable (for me) • Contributing resources and discussions on a Wiki is fine • Mumble-86: TAG-based surface realizer • But BBN is a law firm: • We have to bill hours ST&CE NLG workshop

  3. The price of entry • A generator’s output should be as good as a person’s • Always grammatical • Fits the discourse context. • Fluent and cohesive • Pronouns, reduced NPs, conjunction reduction, rich repertoire of clause combinations, etc. • Real sources • Doing real work for real (commercial) systems ST&CE NLG workshop

  4. Variation is essential • Even read text will vary (bedtime stories) • People rarely phrase their content the same way every time. • A generator that didn’t vary its output would be unnatural. • Synthetic characters for game-based training (NPCs) have to be realistic ST&CE NLG workshop

  5. These have the same “content” BBC web page: 1/17/07 • “Apple profits surge on iPod sales” • Clickable title next to graphic on first page • “Apple reports a 78% jump in quarterly profits thanks to strong Christmas sales of its iPod digital music player” • Summary below the graphic • “Apple has reported a 78% surge in profits for the three months to 30 December, boosted by strong Christmas sales of its iPod digital music player” • Same content in the full article ST&CE NLG workshop

  6. Shared data: real texts & contexts • Start with actual texts that are judged to have the same ‘content’ • Varying in purpose, level of detail, randomly, … • Parse the texts back far enough that the same source could produce all the variations • Every player can use their favorite representation • It’s a natural task in its own right ST&CE NLG workshop

  7. “Killer app” • Regenerating content in different styles for different purposes • Initiatives in ‘deep’ NLU: “Machine Reading”, “Learning by Reading” • E.g. Rough-cut intelligence analyst’s reports • Read the raw texts of hundreds of news sources, military movement messages, field reports, … • Provide tailored summaries (hypertexts) • Gets a handle on the intelligence overload ST&CE NLG workshop

  8. Questions? Comments? dmcdonald@bbn.com ST&CE NLG workshop

  9. backup ST&CE NLG workshop

  10. Provide easy authoring of fluent prose while keeping simplicity of variable substitution seen in XSLT string templates. Explicit linguistic form enables optimizations, provides structure needed for synthetic speech. Automatically build the templates by parsing ex. with reversible grammar. Schematic variation given the context. Flexible natural language generation using linguistic templates “X was in the room” Parser past/be/in-room(x) = x R R (Alice) & R (Bob) NLG Alice and Bob were in the room. Alice was in the room and so was Bob. Alice was in the room and Bob was there too. Alice and Bob were both there. Where were Alice and Bob? In the room. ST&CE NLG workshop

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