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Islam in Africa

Islam in Africa. Ch 8. I. Introduction. Africa is a very fragmented No concentration of power Stateless societies (tribal) Diverse languages, religion and geography Sub-Saharan society had periods of isolation Africa was a symbol of wealth Gold, diamonds and land. I. Introduction.

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Islam in Africa

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  1. Islam in Africa Ch 8

  2. I. Introduction • Africa is a very fragmented • No concentration of power • Stateless societies (tribal) • Diverse languages, religion and geography • Sub-Saharan society had periods of isolation • Africa was a symbol of wealth • Gold, diamonds and land

  3. I. Introduction Trade with Sub-Sahara was difficult until 100 AD when camels were brought along

  4. II. Arrival of Islam • North Africa had contact with the Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans and Vandals • Christianity had spread to Ethiopia and Nubia (Coptics) • Islam spread to 640-700 AD across Northern Africa • 670 AD conquered Tunisia • Romans called Africa Ifriqiya (Arab for North East) • Maghrib for North West • Used Africa as a stepping stone into Spain

  5. II. Arrival of Islam • Islam had brought temporary unity with conversion • Almoravids 1100 AD & Almohadis 1130 AD • Reformist group that waged jihad • Led to spread south of the Sahara • Attractiveness of Islam • Equality • Broke down on local level

  6. II. Arrival of Islam • Spread to Sub-Sahara initially through trade • Sahel- divided Sahara and Sub-Sahara/ trade region • Ghana became prominent taxing gold and salt trade

  7. III. Grassland Kingdoms • Sudan States • Patriarchal rule (elders) • Rulers are sacred • Collect taxes and military support • Territory based on linguistic and ethnic divisions • Ghana, Mali and Songhay • Rulers were one of the few who converted to Islam

  8. III. Grassland Kingdoms • Mali • Between Niger and Senegal River • Malinke people • Symbol for Islam in sub-Sahara • Merchants were called Juula • Borders expanded by Sundiata • Lion Prince • Mansa • Stories told by griots • Divided clans into classes (warriors, religious and laborers)

  9. III. Grassland Kingdoms • IbnBatuta • Arab who traveled around Africa writing of the cultures he observed • Mansa Kankan Musa (1312-1337 • Pilgrimage to Mecca • Showed the wealth of Africa • Built the mosque in Jenne • Port City like Timbuktu

  10. III. Grassland Kingdoms • Songhay Kingdom • Middle region of Niger Valley • Capital in Gao • Farming, herding and fishing society • Became an empire under Sunni Ali (1464-1492) • Expanded territory into Mali • Muslim leader of pagan region • Succeeded by military leaders askia

  11. III. Grassland Kingdoms • Muhammad the Great • Expanded borders to cover central Sudan • Muslim rulers had a hard time dealing with the peoples failure to follow Shari law • Lasted until 16th century • Defeated by Moroccan army • muskets

  12. III. Grassland Kingdoms • Hasua people • Nigeria • Kano and Katsina • Muslim leaders and pagan people • Traded salt, grains and clothes

  13. III. Grassland Kingdoms • Sudan politics • Rulers took title of emir or caliph • Surrounded by Muslim advisors • Matrilineal which went against Sharia law • Slave trade exploded with invasion of Islam • Muslims viewed slavery as a way to prepare pagans for conversion

  14. IV. East Coast • Referred to in Arabic as Zenj • Swahili • Bantu and Arabic • Trade cities • Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa, Pate and Zanzibar • Border Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea • Followed pattern of Islamic rulers • Blended cultures • Oman and Persians • 13th century is Islamic expansion

  15. V. Central & West Africa • Central Africa • Agricultural society • Sometimes united under a single ruler to solve conflicts • Oral traditions • Very artistic • Nok • Central Nigeria • Spoke Yoruba • Lifelike terra-cotta and bronze sculptures

  16. V. Central & West Africa • Yoruba • Language spoken in the central states • Highly urbanized region • City-states ruled by regional kings • Ruled by alafin • Benin • Large city-state • Ruled by Oba

  17. V. Central & West Africa • Kongo • Formed around the Congo River • Skilled in weaving, blacksmithing and carving • Harvested salt from the coast • Traded shells as currency • Shona • Zimbabwe- Stone settlement with walls (Great Zimbabwe) • Worshipped a god symbolized by an eagle • Confederation of farmers and herders- developed trade • Later ruled by a king called MweneMutapa • Broke up due to interior strife but stayed wealthy

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