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Ancient Greece

Ancient Greece. Greece is a mountainous peninsula that is made up of more than 1,000 islands. The sea was extremely important to the Greeks as a means of transportation and communication. . Review of Geography. Part of the Balkan Peninsula Greece is mountainous

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Ancient Greece

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  1. Ancient Greece

  2. Greece is a mountainous peninsula that is made up of more than 1,000 islands. The sea was extremely important to the Greeks as a means of transportation and communication.

  3. Review of Geography • Part of the Balkan Peninsula • Greece is mountainous • Development of independent city-states • The soil is rocky and therefore unfertile • Seas were important for communication but also for trade

  4. Review of Geography • Because so little farmland and freshwater • Never able to support a large population • Diet based on staple crops such as grains, grapes, and olives • Desire for additional resources and adequate farmland probably the motivation to establish colonies

  5. TIMELINE • 2000 BC - Crete – Minoans rule • 1600 BC – Greece – Mycenaean Kings rule • 1450 BC – Crete – Mycenaeans invade Crete • 1400 BC – Crete – Minoans disappear • 1200 BC – Anatolia – Trojan War Dorian Age

  6. Early Greece • Minoan Civilization (2000 BC – 1500 BC) • First Civilization in Europe (Balkan Peninsula) • Founded on the island of Crete

  7. Early Greece (cont’d) • King Minos ruled Knossos and was the protector of the Minotaur according to legend • Sea People: Sailors, Fishermen, and Traders

  8. Theories of Disappearance • Volcanic eruption • Thera – Island 100 km from Crete • Trade collapsed • Imported grain • Famine broke out • Overpopulation • Mycenaeans invaded and conquered

  9. Mycenaeans • 2000 BC – Mainland Greece • Last phase of Bronze Age in Greece • Warrior Kings • Militaristic Rulers • Developed City-States

  10. B. Mycenaean Civilization (1600B.C to 1200 B.C.) • Built fortified cities in Peloponesus • - Mycenae (my see nee) • War-like Conquered Crete 3. 1200 B.C. invaders conquered it. Burial mask of Mycenaean King Ruins of Mycenae

  11. Background Information • Settled on the Greek mainland • Known as Mycenaeans, after main city, Mycenae • City-states controlled by militaristic rulers

  12. LIFE OF MYCENAEANS • Nobles • Life of Splendor • Drank from Gold Pitchers and Silver cups • Buried with Treasures • Commoners • Farmers, weavers, goat hearders • Leftovers from Nobles

  13. Preservation of Minoan Culture • Invasions by Mycenaeans prevented Minoans from rebuilding their cities • Adopted pieces of Minoan culture into everyday lives • Value of seaborne trade • Writing system • Minoan legends helped form part of the Greek religion

  14. MYCENAE • Leading City-State • On top of steep rocky ridge • 20 Ft walls • 90 km SW of Athens • Military Strong Hold

  15. Ruins at Mycenae Outline of the City walls

  16. Recreation of Mycenae

  17. Lion’s Gate at Mycenae

  18. Trojan War • Begins approximately 1200 B.C. • 1189 B.C. the city of Troy falls • Greek city-states v. Troy • Cause: • According to legend, a Trojan youth, Paris, kidnapped Helen, the wife of Greek king, Menelaus

  19. GREECE TURKEY CRETE

  20. ROMANTIC VERSION Paris of Troy • Most beautiful man alive • Aphrodite promised him the most beautiful woman in the world • Helen, wife of Menelaus Paris travels to Sparta • Steals Helen while Menelaus is at Funeral • Takes her back to Troy and marries her

  21. Menelaus calls upon all former suitors to attack Paris and Troy • Odysseus calls on Achilles, the greatest warrior in all of Greece • Agamemnon was commander-in-chief of Greek army

  22. MONETARY VERSION Trade with Asia • Dardenelles • Constantinople • Sea of Marmara • Black Sea • Ruler who controls TROY controls TRADE

  23. WAR AT TROY 10 year war • 1st nine Greeks battled Troy and surrounding regions • Greeks realized other regions were helping Troy • Greeks defeated the other regions

  24. Hard times under the Dorians • Dorians replaced the Mycenaeans around 1200 BC. • Dorians were much less advanced – no writing exists during their time • Homer = kept stories alive with epic poems and myths • The Illiad • The Odyssey

  25. II. Greek Religion • Gods and Goddesses ruled from Mt. Olympus 1. Zeus – King of the gods and of the Sky. 2. Hera – Queen of gods, wife of Zeus and goddess of marriage and women 3. Hades – brother of Zeus and ruler of the Underworld (House of Hades) all dead went there.

  26. 4. Poseidon – brother of Zeus and Ruler of the Sea 5.Athena- daughter of Zeus, goddess of wisdom 6.Aphrodite- daughter of Zeus, goddess of Love and Beauty 7.Apollo– god of light, music, poetry, archers, and the Sun. 8.Dionysus–god of fertility and wine *Myths – stories of the gods and heroes Ex. Pandora – opened a chest and let all the evils loose

  27. III. Greek City-States A. Greek city-states were called Polis (fort). (politics, police, policy, etc.) 1. Chora – surrounding area 2. Agora – Public meeting place 3. Acropolis – Hill or mountain with temples, public buildings Ex. Parthenon – temple of Athena on Acropolis in Athens.

  28. Acropolis

  29. IV. Early History A. Age of Kings (1000 B.C. –700 B.C.) 1. Epics – Long poems about the gods and heroes were written. * Illiad- About Trojan war between Greeks and the city of Troy in Asia Minor (Turkey). * Odyssey - Odysseus (Hero) fights to return to Ithaca after Trojan War. *Both written by Homer – a blind Greek poet D’OH!!!! Trojan Horse

  30. The 2 main city-states that existed in Greece: Athens Sparta

  31. Life in Athens • Democracy was government (by the people) • Rich and poor struggled for power • Solon reformed government to outlaw debt slavery and allow all citizens to charge others with crime • Cleisthenes reformed Athens government so all citizens could participate • Women focused life in the home and with children

  32. B. Athens (personal freedom/ intellectual center of Greece) 1. Sea traders, and farmers 2. Democracy – all citizens participated in government. 3. Four Reformers made Athens a Democracy: Draco - Code of Laws were harsh but written for all to read (Draconian = harsh) Solon – allowed most citizens to vote, cancelled debts to prevent debt slavery. To more Democracy Pisistratus – exiled nobles who disagreed with him and gave their land to landless. Cleisthenes – established democracy. All citizens voted on all issues.

  33. Rise of Nobles (c. 700 B.C.) 1. Aristocracies  rule by Nobles 2. Oligarchy  rule by wealthy • Age of Tyrants (650 B.C. – 500 B.C.) • * Tyrant – cruel ruler which has total power

  34. Life in Sparta • Spartans conquered Messenian people and made them work the land (helots) • Oligarchy (rule by a few people) was the Government • Military and athletics more important than anything else • Children as young as 7 sent to military camp • Even women were active in fighting • Less time for arts

  35. V. Two City-States A. Sparta (Military State) 1200 B.C. 1. Helots – Sparta’s slave farmers 2. Suspicious of strangers, little trade, gov. controlled people from cradle to grave. 3. At seven, boys went to live in a barracks (military). Served until age 60. Unhealthy babies left on mountain to die. Boys could not wear shoes and had one set of clothes. They stole to eat, if caught were beaten. Ruins of Sparta

  36. VI. Persian Wars A. Cyrus – King of Persia conquered Greek city-states in Asia Minor. (546 B.C.) B. Darius –(son of Cyrus) puts down revolts of these city-states (499B.C.) (“Remember the Athenians”) C. 492 B.C. Darius sent a fleet to defeat Athens. A storm sinks them. D. 490 B.C. the Persians fought a battle against the Greeks at Marathon. (Battle of Marathon) A Greek runner ran 26 mile to Athens to give the news of victory. He died. (Pheidippides) Darius

  37. Persian Wars • Wars between Greece and the Persian Empire (490 BC) • Greeks far better trained warriors • Battle of Marathon and runner Pheidippides • Greeks defeat the Persians badly • Darius the Great attacks from Persia 480 BC • Greeks badly divided; beaten by Persians • Persian General Xerxes attacks and burns Athens • After Persian Wars Athens leads the Delian League (alliance of 140 city-states for defense and protection)

  38. Xerxes (son of Darius) – tried to defeat Greeks with an army of 200,000 (480 B.C.) • Battle of Thermopylae–300 Spartans under King Leonidas with 6,000 allies hold the Persians for 3 days. F.Battle of Salamis(479 B.C.) Greeks destroyed the Persian fleet. G.Battle of Plataea– Last Persian army defeated. THE GREEKS WON!!! Leonidas(David) Salamis

  39. Athens’ Golden Age was an important time for drama, sculpture, poetry, philosophy, arts, and science Pericles’ 3 Goals for Athens Increase the wealth and power of Athens Direct Democracy (people elect leaders) Glorify Athens with beautiful art and sculptures

  40. VII. Pericles - Greatest leader of Athens (461 B.C. –429 B.C.) A.“Age of Pericles” – time of Great prosperity for Athens (Athens's “GoldenAge”) B. Delian League – alliance of city-states against future Persian attacks. (140+ city-states) C. Athens dominated them and rebuilt their city with its money.

  41. The “disc thrower” and the Acropolis were 2 of the examples of the Golden Age of Greece with bronze and marble. Pericles was the greatest statesman of Athens, and helped create the “Golden Age” of Greece.

  42. Socrates • 469-399 B.C. • Believed in absolute standards for truth & justice. * Created a teaching method of questions and answers. • At age of 70, was tried and convicted for his beliefs. • Chose to drink poison for a death on his own terms.

  43. Plato • 427-347 B. C. • Student of Socrates/teacher of Aristotle • Greatly affected by Socrates’ death. Wrote down the conversations of Socrates. • Wrote his book The Republic because he was not a fan democracy.

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