Ch. 9 Memory

1. Ch. 9 Memory Mr. McElhaney PLHS

3. Remembering is an Active Process • Memories can be lost and revised • Types of Memory • Short Term Memory • Long Term Memory • Info that appears to be lost may still be in memory • Problems with memory: • Forgetting and storage issues • Recovered memories are problematic • Strategies such as Mnemonics can improve memory

4. Basics • Definition- Memory is an active system that receives, stores and organizes, alters, and recovers information • Encoding- info is changed into usable and storable form • Encoding-Storage-Retrieval

5. 3 Part System Memory • Sensory • STM (Working) • LTM

6. Sensory Memory • New info is perceived through the senses • Info is held exactly as perceived for a few seconds (Transduced) • Preceding short term Memory

7. All of the Senses: • Use Transduction: • The process of changing energy (stimulus) to a form that can be processed by the nervous system- • For example- light to a form that can be recognized by the retina.

8. Short Term Memory Long Term Memory Small desk and file cabinet concept Dual System in Memory

10. Fig. 9.2 Remembering is thought to involve at least three steps. Incoming information is first held for a second or two by sensory memory. Information selected by attention is then transferred to temporary storage in short-term memory. If new information is not rapidly encoded, or rehearsed, it is forgotten. If it is transferred to long-term memory, it becomes relatively permanent, although retrieving it may be a problem. The preceding is a useful model of memory; it may not be literally true of what happens in the brain (Eysenck & Keane, 1995).

11. Short Term Memory 1 • Is working memory • Includes Selective attention • Holds small amounts of info for a brief time • Encoding in STM- • memories are stored by images • And phonetically- by sound, words and letters

12. Short Term Memory 2 • Storehouse for small amounts of info • Phone numbers/shopping lists • Working memory holds info while other activities are taking place. • Is sensitive to interruption + interference

13. Processing info helps Memory • Connecting to LTM • Chunking • Rehearsal • Elaborative Rehearsal

14. Short Term Memory 3 • Limited size = 7 “slots”/Information bits • Good mem = 9 bits • Recoding= reorganizing information • Chunking = form of recoding, creating connections/groups between info • Rehearsal- repeating info increases STM and can lead to transfer to LTM

15. Elaborate Rehearsal – • Linking new info to memories in LTM will improve memory • Elaborate = extend, think about info as you study • Ask yourself “why” why would that be true? • Try to relate new ideas to your own experiences and knowledge

16. Long Term Memory • Found in the Cortex of Brain • Hippocampus clearly associated with memory (see brain map of memory) • permanent storehouse for Memory • Everything you know goes into LTM • Important + Meaningful info gets transferred to LTM • The more you know the easier it is to add memory

19. Long Term Memory • Encoding = storage (LTM) stored based on meaning • Recoding/reorganizing/revision is present in LTM • example- Chunking can/will work in LTM • Constructive Processing = updating memory • Fills in the gaps of memory with logical conclusions or extensions, or inferences • (Pseudo Memories are false memories) • Relates to how we can sometimes not know the source of some memories

20. Organization of Info in LTM • Patterns of Association = memory structure • Examples: rules, images, symbols, similarities, formal meaning, personal meaning • Network Model (or schema) • Associations of new of linked ideas • We make organization based on linked meanings

21. Memory Aids • Chunking info= try to link 2-3 or more facts into larger chinks and your memory will improve • Key to memory is to find meaning • Always think about how you feel about things

22. Fig. 9.7 In the model shown here, long-term memory is divided into procedural memory (learned actions and skills) and declarative memory (stored facts). Declarative memories can be either semantic (impersonal knowledge) or episodic (personal experiences associated with specific times and places).

23. Procedural- Skill Conditioned Response Learned Actions Automatic Lower brain-cerebellum Typing and Driving Actions Types of LTM = skill and fact

24. Episodic Memory= experiences Autobiographic When we access we re-experience Most easily forgotten LTM Declarative- Facts Names, faces, dates, words, ideas Expressed in words and symbols Semantic Memory Encyclopedia of basic knowledge You don’t forget Types of Memory

25. Memory Formation • Consolidation- the forming of LTM memory • Takes time to move info from STM to LTM • Meaning is key

26. Re-dintegrative Memories • Memories in LTM • Can be triggered by cues • Cues (associations/clues) always enhance memories • Triggeredmemories are cues to other connected memories • Pictures, smells, songs, sounds • Cue-Dependent Forgetting Stimuli associated with memory are missing

27. Memory Tasks- LTM

28. Serial Position Effect • STM • Being able to memorize the beginning and end of a list • But not the middle • Why?- • The end- interference, STM has limited capacity

29. Implicit Memories We are not aware Unconscious Priming Giving a person limited cues Info previously learned is reflected in cued responses Related to implicit memory Sub-conscious Explicit Memories Recall is used Conscious memories Trying to remember Implicit and Explicit Memories

30. Forgetting • Encoding Failure: When a memory was never formed in the first place • Memory Traces: Physical changes in nerve cells or brain activity that occur when memories are stored • Memory Decay: When memory traces become weaker; fading or weakening of memories • Disuse: Theory that memory traces weaken when memories are not used or retrieved

31. Repression Suppression Blocking

32. Brain Anatomy and Memory • Locations of memory is identified through brain mapping • Experiments through Electroconvulsive Shock destroys memory • Mostly effects recent memories • Before Consolidation

33. Brain #2 • Hippocampus= closely associated with LTM • Used in Consolidation of memory • Known as the “Switching Station” between STM and LTM • Grows neurons that make new connections with in the brain • Damage to hippocampus = Aterograde amnesia= inability to store new memories LTM (“50 First Dates”)

34. Brain 3 • 3lbs of brain • Cerebral Cortex- multiple areas associated • Front of Cortex = Episodic Memory- events • Back area of Cortex = Semantic Memory- ideas

35. Retrograde (before) Amnesia Forgetting events that occur before an injury or trauma Anterograde- Amnesia “50 First Dates” Forgetting invents tha follow an injury Amnesia

36. Memory Supports • Making Notes- write things down • Prevents info from slipping out of short term memory before you can review it and store it more permanently

37. Sorry, not finished with this ppt.