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ECOLOGY

ECOLOGY. The study of relationships between living organisms and organisms and their environment. Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems. Biotic vs Abiotic. BIOTIC Anything living in the environment Plants Animals Bacteria Fungi. ABIOTIC Nonliving factors that affect living things

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ECOLOGY

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  1. ECOLOGY The study of relationships between living organisms and organisms and their environment Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems

  2. Biotic vs Abiotic

  3. BIOTIC Anything living in the environment Plants Animals Bacteria Fungi ABIOTIC Nonliving factors that affect living things Temperature Water Light Soil Wind Biotic vs Abiotic

  4. Organization of Life • Species • Population • Community • Ecosystem • Biosphere

  5. Species • A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

  6. Population • A group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area at the same time

  7. Community • A group of populations living and interacting with each other in an area

  8. Ecosystem • A community and its abiotic environment

  9. Biosphere • The entire planet and all of its living and nonliving parts

  10. Habitat The natural location of a living organism Niche The role a species plays in the community Habitat and Niche

  11. Energy Flow in Ecosystems • Sun • Ultimate source of all energy • Autotroph • An organism that synthesizes its organic molecules from simple inorganic substances • Heterotroph • An organism that obtains organic molecules from other organisms

  12. Producers: Basic Source of All Food • Most producers capture sunlight to produce carbohydrates by photosynthesis:

  13. Photosynthesis: A Review • Chlorophyll molecules in the chloroplasts of plant cells absorb solar energy. • This initiates a complex series of chemical reactions in which carbon dioxide and water are converted to sugars and oxygen.

  14. Consumers and Aerobic Respiration- Getting energy for survival • Organisms break down carbohydrates and other organic compounds in their cells to obtain the energy they need. • This is usually done through aerobic respiration. • The opposite of photosynthesis

  15. Types of Heterotrophs • CONSUMERS – an organism that ingests other organic matter that is living or has recently died • Herbivores – eat plants • Carnivores – eat animals • Omnivores – eat animal and plant matter • Scavengers – eat organisms that have recently died • DETRITIVORES – an organism that ingests dead organic matter (detritus) • SAPROTROPHS – an organism that lives on, or in, dead organic matter, secreting digestive enzymes into it and absorbing the products of digestion

  16. Food Chain • A food chain is a simple, linear model that shows how matter and energy move through an ecosystem **The arrows show the direction that energy is being transferred from one organism to the next.**

  17. Trophic Levels

  18. Food Web • A food webshows all of the possible feeding relationships in a community. • It is a network of interconnected food chains, more realistic.

  19. Food Web

  20. Humans Sperm whale Blue whale Elephant seal Crabeater seal Killer whale Leopard seal Emperor penguin Adelie penguins Squid Petrel Fish Carnivorous plankton Krill Herbivorous plankton Phytoplankton

  21. Energy Flow - where is it going? First Trophic Level Second Trophic Level Third Trophic Level Fourth Trophic Level Tertiary consumers (top carnivores) Secondary consumers (carnivores) Producers (plants) Primary consumers (herbivores) Heat Heat Heat Solar energy Heat Heat Heat Heat Detritivores (decomposers and detritus feeders) Heat

  22. Energy Flow in an Ecosystem: Losing Energy in Food Chains and Webs • In accordance with the 2nd law of thermodynamics, there is a decrease in the amount of energy available to each succeeding organism in a food chain or web.

  23. Energy Flow in an Ecosystem: Losing Energy in Food Chains and Webs • Ecological efficiency: percentage of useable energy transferred as biomass from one trophic level to the next.

  24. Energy Pyramid Expressed in energy per unit area per unit time (kj m-2 yr-1 )

  25. Two Secrets of Survival: Energy Flow and Matter Recycle • An ecosystem survives by a combination of energy flow and matter recycling.

  26. Matter Cycling in Ecosystems • Nutrient Cycles: Global Recycling • Global cycles recycle nutrients through the earth’s air, land, water, and living organisms. • Nutrients are the elements and compounds that organisms need to live, grow, and reproduce. • Biogeochemical cycles move these substances through air, water, soil, rock and living organisms.

  27. The Water Cycle

  28. The Nitrogen Cycle: Bacteria in Action

  29. The Carbon Cycle

  30. Effects of Human Activities on the Nitrogen Cycle • We alter the nitrogen cycle by: • Adding gases that contribute to acid rain. • Adding nitrous oxide to the atmosphere through farming practices which can warm the atmosphere and deplete ozone. • Contaminating ground water from nitrate ions in inorganic fertilizers. • Releasing nitrogen into the troposphere through deforestation.

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