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Cancer

Cancer. Incidence. New cases per year: 463/100,000 [380 in Ogden this year] Probability of developing cancer: ~ 41% will be diagnosed with caner at some point in their lifetimes. Definition. x. Uncontrolled cell division (what does that mean?) Continue to grow forever (like stem cells)

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Cancer

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  1. Cancer

  2. Incidence New cases per year: 463/100,000 [380 in Ogden this year] Probability of developing cancer: ~ 41% will be diagnosed with caner at some point in their lifetimes

  3. Definition x • Uncontrolled cell division (what does that mean?) • Continue to grow forever (like stem cells) • Have the capacity to ‘revert’ to some other cell type (also like stem cells) Normal cells in our bodies cannot do these things. Cancer cells come from normal cells. How do cancer cells acquire these abilities?

  4. Answer…. The DNA of cancer cells contains mutations • Altered DNA sequence that results in the production of protein products that works differently from the normal protein product.

  5. Cancer is a continuum

  6. Dysplasia Enlarged nuclei (more of cell space is taken up by nuclei) Nuclei are large because they have more DNA (polyploidy)

  7. Mutations Grow too much (for space)--Benign Cells look Abnormal LOTS of abnormal cells in one place without going beyond their ‘border’--Malignant Cells have broken through a barrier to go beyond their ‘border’ though are in the same organ Cells from one organ now in another

  8. Continuum results from a SERIES of Mutations

  9. Mutations Happen Because: • Mistakes during DNA replication • Exposure to damaging agents (radiation, sunlight, chemicals [mutagen, carcinogen], viruses) • Spontaneous damage to DNA

  10. Mutations in: • Genes that stop cells from growing. • If these are mutated so that they don’t work, cell growth cannot be stopped –mutation = Loss of Function • Tumor suppressor genes • Recessive (need 2 bad copies to have the phenotype) • Genes that promote cell growth • These must be mutated so that they work ALL of the time—mutation = Gain of Function • Oncogenes • Dominant (need only 1 bad copy to have the phenotype)

  11. Definition • They use NORMAL cell processes to grow and divide • They use these normal processes ALL THE TIME (not just when they are told to do so, or when conditions are right).

  12. Cells look Abnormal— Benign Blood Supply LOTS of abnormal cells in one place without going beyond their ‘border’--Malignant

  13. a Hyperplasia Dysplasia

  14. Cell Growth is USUALLY Balanced by Cell Death Cancer cells DON’T die in these situations. They over-ride the ‘off’ switch

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