The Internet and Applications

1. The Internet and Applications Unit 8, Chapter 15 & 16

2. Objectives Compare TCP and UDP. Identify the uses of multicasting. Describe how TCP controls congestion on a network. Identify the TCP port numbers that are regularly used in communication systems. Describe the functions of an ISP. Explain the differences between an intranet and an extranet and how they relate to the Internet. Describe how the early Internet or ARPNET differs from the modern Internet. Discuss the three components that make up the World Wide Web. Describe some of the most common Internet and Web applications. Compare TCP and UDP. Identify the uses of multicasting. Describe how TCP controls congestion on a network. Identify the TCP port numbers that are regularly used in communication systems. Describe the functions of an ISP. Explain the differences between an intranet and an extranet and how they relate to the Internet. Describe how the early Internet or ARPNET differs from the modern Internet. Discuss the three components that make up the World Wide Web. Describe some of the most common Internet and Web applications. Compare TCP and UDP. Identify the uses of multicasting. Describe how TCP controls congestion on a network. Identify the TCP port numbers that are regularly used in communication systems. Describe the functions of an ISP. Explain the differences between an intranet and an extranet and how they relate to the Internet. Describe how the early Internet or ARPNET differs from the modern Internet. Discuss the three components that make up the World Wide Web. Describe some of the most common Internet and Web applications.

3. History of The Internet 1957 – Advanced Research Projects Agency Formed 1962 – Intergalactic Computer Network paper written by J.C.R. Licklider, first director of DARPA Principle was anyone could access data anywhere 1960’s – Information Flow in Large Communication Nets paper written by Leonard Kleinrock Discussed concept of packet switching instead of circuit switching to send data 1957 – Advanced Research Projects Agency Formed 1962 – Intergalactic Computer Network paper written by J.C.R. Licklider, first director of DARPA Principle was anyone could access data anywhere 1960’s – Information Flow in Large Communication Nets paper written by Leonard Kleinrock Discussed concept of packet switching instead of circuit switching to send data 1957 – Advanced Research Projects Agency Formed 1962 – Intergalactic Computer Network paper written by J.C.R. Licklider, first director of DARPA Principle was anyone could access data anywhere 1960’s – Information Flow in Large Communication Nets paper written by Leonard Kleinrock Discussed concept of packet switching instead of circuit switching to send data

4. History of The Internet -ARPANET 1965 – 2 computers share data for the first time over low speed dial up telephone network. 1969 – Success of the data sharing allowed the development of a plan for the ARPANET which has as a goal to connect all time-sharing computers. December 1969 – 4 separate nodes had been connected via telephone lines, ARPANET was born 1965 – 2 computers share data for the first time over low speed dial up telephone network. 1969 – Success of the data sharing allowed the development of a plan for the ARPANET which has as a goal to connect all time-sharing computers. December 1969 – 4 separate nodes had been connected via telephone lines, ARPANET was born 1965 – 2 computers share data for the first time over low speed dial up telephone network. 1969 – Success of the data sharing allowed the development of a plan for the ARPANET which has as a goal to connect all time-sharing computers. December 1969 – 4 separate nodes had been connected via telephone lines, ARPANET was born

5. History of The Internet – 1970’s Alohanet created – first wireless network connection. Used at the University of Hawaii. Arpanet and Alohanet connected together in 1972 First commercial version of Arpanet offered, Telenet. Email developed to send text messages between domains Many problem with incompatibility between collections of packet-switching networks. TCP/TP was born. Ethernet developed to handle issues with communications, collisions and retransmissions 1975 – Altair 8800 first personal computer, $495 1979 - Usenet groups are developed and able to transfer files Alohanet created – first wireless network connection. Used at the University of Hawaii. Arpanet and Alohanet connected together in 1972 First commercial version of Arpanet offered, Telenet. Email developed to send text messages between domains Many problem with incompatibility between collections of packet-switching networks. TCP/TP was born. Ethernet developed to handle issues with communications, collisions and retransmissions 1975 – Altair 8800 first personal computer, $495 1979 - Usenet groups are developed and able to transfer files Alohanet created – first wireless network connection. Used at the University of Hawaii. Arpanet and Alohanet connected together in 1972 First commercial version of Arpanet offered, Telenet. Email developed to send text messages between domains Many problem with incompatibility between collections of packet-switching networks. TCP/TP was born. Ethernet developed to handle issues with communications, collisions and retransmissions 1975 – Altair 8800 first personal computer, $495 1979 - Usenet groups are developed and able to transfer files

6. History of The Internet – 1980’s IBM Markets the personal computer in 1981 1982 Department of Defense declares TCP/IP as the standard for connecting networks Novell Netware offered in 1983 (XNS) January 1, 1983 All ARPANET hosts transition to TCP/IP from NCP Domain names are created to identify the type of institution on the network (edu,gov,mil,com,org,net) 1989 ARPANET was decommissioned Due to the release of a worm on the Internet, Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) was created to facilitate response to computer security threats IBM Markets the personal computer in 1981 1982 Department of Defense declares TCP/IP as the standard for connecting networks Novell Netware offered in 1983 (XNS) January 1, 1983 All ARPANET hosts transition to TCP/IP from NCP Domain names are created to identify the type of institution on the network (edu,gov,mil,com,org,net) 1989 ARPANET was decommissioned Due to the release of a worm on the Internet, Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) was created to facilitate response to computer security threats IBM Markets the personal computer in 1981 1982 Department of Defense declares TCP/IP as the standard for connecting networks Novell Netware offered in 1983 (XNS) January 1, 1983 All ARPANET hosts transition to TCP/IP from NCP Domain names are created to identify the type of institution on the network (edu,gov,mil,com,org,net) 1989 ARPANET was decommissioned Due to the release of a worm on the Internet, Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) was created to facilitate response to computer security threats

7. History of The Internet – 1990’s 1991 World Wide Web program created to make information available to all World Wide Web program had 3 major components Universal Record Locator, address of which the first part tells the program to use www=world wide web, ftp = file transfer protocol Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the client/server protocol that allows text and graphics to be transmitted via TCP/IP. Pages look the same no matter what system is used. Hypertext Markup Language is used to create HTTP World Wide Web pages 1993 Mosaic developed – first graphical interface browser Netscape followed shortly after, based on Mosaic Internet Explorer release by Microsoft 1991 World Wide Web program created to make information available to all World Wide Web program had 3 major components Universal Record Locator, address of which the first part tells the program to use www=world wide web, ftp = file transfer protocol Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the client/server protocol that allows text and graphics to be transmitted via TCP/IP. Pages look the same no matter what system is used. Hypertext Markup Language is used to create HTTP World Wide Web pages 1993 Mosaic developed – first graphical interface browser Netscape followed shortly after, based on Mosaic Internet Explorer release by Microsoft 1991 World Wide Web program created to make information available to all World Wide Web program had 3 major components Universal Record Locator, address of which the first part tells the program to use www=world wide web, ftp = file transfer protocol Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the client/server protocol that allows text and graphics to be transmitted via TCP/IP. Pages look the same no matter what system is used. Hypertext Markup Language is used to create HTTP World Wide Web pages 1993 Mosaic developed – first graphical interface browser Netscape followed shortly after, based on Mosaic Internet Explorer release by Microsoft

8. The Internet Very Large High Speed Backbones are funded by the government Other Backbones are provided by large companies that connect various sites around the country and world Internet Society (ISOC) Focuses on standards, public policy, education and training Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF) Concerned with evolution of the Internet Internet Architecture Board (IAB) Technical advisory for the ISOC and a committee of the IETF Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) Promote research of importance to the evolution of the Internet Internet Engineering Steering Committee(IESG) Executive committee of the IETF World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Developing standards for the World Wide Web Very Large High Speed Backbones are funded by the government Other Backbones are provided by large companies that connect various sites around the country and world Internet Society (ISOC) Focuses on standards, public policy, education and training Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF) Concerned with evolution of the Internet Internet Architecture Board (IAB) Technical advisory for the ISOC and a committee of the IETF Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) Promote research of importance to the evolution of the Internet Internet Engineering Steering Committee(IESG) Executive committee of the IETF World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Developing standards for the World Wide Web Very Large High Speed Backbones are funded by the government Other Backbones are provided by large companies that connect various sites around the country and world Internet Society (ISOC) Focuses on standards, public policy, education and training Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF) Concerned with evolution of the Internet Internet Architecture Board (IAB) Technical advisory for the ISOC and a committee of the IETF Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) Promote research of importance to the evolution of the Internet Internet Engineering Steering Committee(IESG) Executive committee of the IETF World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Developing standards for the World Wide Web

9. Connection To The Internet Access Hardware Physical Connection to the Internet requires hardware Analog modem, cable modem, DSL modem, ISDN Terminal Adapter Final Mile Delivery Technology – How data are transmitted over the last connect from the ISP to the home or business Deliver Channel – Pipeline used to carry data from home or business to ISP Internet Service Provider – Provides the gateway to the Internet, there is a monthly fee Internet Backbone – Very High Bandwidth Network run by large companies and organizations Access Hardware Physical Connection to the Internet requires hardware Analog modem, cable modem, DSL modem, ISDN Terminal Adapter Final Mile Delivery Technology – How data are transmitted over the last connect from the ISP to the home or business Deliver Channel – Pipeline used to carry data from home or business to ISP Internet Service Provider – Provides the gateway to the Internet, there is a monthly fee Internet Backbone – Very High Bandwidth Network run by large companies and organizations Access Hardware Physical Connection to the Internet requires hardware Analog modem, cable modem, DSL modem, ISDN Terminal Adapter Final Mile Delivery Technology – How data are transmitted over the last connect from the ISP to the home or business Deliver Channel – Pipeline used to carry data from home or business to ISP Internet Service Provider – Provides the gateway to the Internet, there is a monthly fee Internet Backbone – Very High Bandwidth Network run by large companies and organizations

10. Connection To The Internet International connections are through satellite or underwater cables Routers connect ISPs to dedicated T-1 or T-3 (1.44 to 54Mbps) connectivity to larger backbones which in turn would connect into larger backbones ( Network Access Points) Network Access Points (NAPs) where traffic is exchanged usually tier 1 or tier 2 of the Internet Metropolitan Area Exchanges are the largest NAPS and there are 3 in the US (MAE East in DC, MAE West in San Francisco and MAE central in Dallas) Path is individual user, local ISP, regional ISP to National ISP and sometimes International access carriers International connections are through satellite or underwater cables Routers connect ISPs to dedicated T-1 or T-3 (1.44 to 54Mbps) connectivity to larger backbones which in turn would connect into larger backbones ( Network Access Points) Network Access Points (NAPs) where traffic is exchanged usually tier 1 or tier 2 of the Internet Metropolitan Area Exchanges are the largest NAPS and there are 3 in the US (MAE East in DC, MAE West in San Francisco and MAE central in Dallas) Path is individual user, local ISP, regional ISP to National ISP and sometimes International access carriers International connections are through satellite or underwater cables Routers connect ISPs to dedicated T-1 or T-3 (1.44 to 54Mbps) connectivity to larger backbones which in turn would connect into larger backbones ( Network Access Points) Network Access Points (NAPs) where traffic is exchanged usually tier 1 or tier 2 of the Internet Metropolitan Area Exchanges are the largest NAPS and there are 3 in the US (MAE East in DC, MAE West in San Francisco and MAE central in Dallas) Path is individual user, local ISP, regional ISP to National ISP and sometimes International access carriers

11. Types of Connections Dial-up Networking (DUN) Integrated Services Digital Networking (ISDN) Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Cable Access Web TV Wireless & Satellite Dial-up Networking (DUN) Integrated Services Digital Networking (ISDN) Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Cable Access Web TV Wireless & Satellite Dial-up Networking (DUN) Integrated Services Digital Networking (ISDN) Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Cable Access Web TV Wireless & Satellite

12. Types of Connections Dial-up Most are at 56Kbps Requires modem ISP Point of Presence – local connectivity to eliminate long distance charges Protocols used are either Serial Line Interface Protocol (SLIP) Point-to-point Protocol (PPP) PPP is the better more versatile protocol Has error detection and authentication Most are at 56Kbps Requires modem ISP Point of Presence – local connectivity to eliminate long distance charges Protocols used are either Serial Line Interface Protocol (SLIP) Point-to-point Protocol (PPP) PPP is the better more versatile protocol Has error detection and authentication Most are at 56Kbps Requires modem ISP Point of Presence – local connectivity to eliminate long distance charges Protocols used are either Serial Line Interface Protocol (SLIP) Point-to-point Protocol (PPP) PPP is the better more versatile protocol Has error detection and authentication

13. Types of Connections ISDN Not used much anymore Requires terminal adapter or ISDN modem 2 Flavors Basic Rate Interface(BRI) 2- 64Kbs data channels and 1 16Kbps signaling channel Can send data and talk by using each channel separately Primary Rate Interface(PRI) Very expensive 23 – 64Kbs data channels and 1 – 64Kbps signaling channel Can integrate Internet, voice, and fax services Not used much anymore Requires terminal adapter or ISDN modem 2 Flavors Basic Rate Interface(BRI) 2- 64Kbs data channels and 1 16Kbps signaling channel Can send data and talk by using each channel separately Primary Rate Interface(PRI) Very expensive 23 – 64Kbs data channels and 1 – 64Kbps signaling channel Can integrate Internet, voice, and fax services Not used much anymore Requires terminal adapter or ISDN modem 2 Flavors Basic Rate Interface(BRI) 2- 64Kbs data channels and 1 16Kbps signaling channel Can send data and talk by using each channel separately Primary Rate Interface(PRI) Very expensive 23 – 64Kbs data channels and 1 – 64Kbps signaling channel Can integrate Internet, voice, and fax services

14. Types of Connections DSL Inexpensive high speed option (1.5 Mpbs to 55 Mbps) Distance from switching office will determine true speed of this service Requires a DSL modem Data is sent and received digitally Can use voice and data at same time, normally connected to a FAX line Flavors Asymmetric DSL Upstream speed is 64Kbps to 1.54Mbps Downstream speed is 256Kbps to 9Mbps Symmetric DSL Upload and download speeds are the same up to 2.3 Mbps Very High Rate DSL Used by businesses Requires close proximity to switches Top speeds of 52Mbps Inexpensive high speed option (1.5 Mpbs to 55 Mbps) Distance from switching office will determine true speed of this service Requires a DSL modem Data is sent and received digitally Can use voice and data at same time, normally connected to a FAX line Flavors Asymmetric DSL Upstream speed is 64Kbps to 1.54Mbps Downstream speed is 256Kbps to 9Mbps Symmetric DSL Upload and download speeds are the same up to 2.3 Mbps Very High Rate DSL Used by businesses Requires close proximity to switches Top speeds of 52Mbps Inexpensive high speed option (1.5 Mpbs to 55 Mbps) Distance from switching office will determine true speed of this service Requires a DSL modem Data is sent and received digitally Can use voice and data at same time, normally connected to a FAX line Flavors Asymmetric DSL Upstream speed is 64Kbps to 1.54Mbps Downstream speed is 256Kbps to 9Mbps Symmetric DSL Upload and download speeds are the same up to 2.3 Mbps Very High Rate DSL Used by businesses Requires close proximity to switches Top speeds of 52Mbps

15. Types of Connections Cable Inexpensive high speed option (1.5 Mpbs) Cable was not originally installed with 2 way communications in mind Requires a splitter Normally upload and download speeds are different with download being around 300Kbps Broadband Technology, all signals (channels) on the same cable at the same time Area being served is divided into nodes, about 500 home to a node Inexpensive high speed option (1.5 Mpbs) Cable was not originally installed with 2 way communications in mind Requires a splitter Normally upload and download speeds are different with download being around 300Kbps Broadband Technology, all signals (channels) on the same cable at the same time Area being served is divided into nodes, about 500 home to a node Inexpensive high speed option (1.5 Mpbs) Cable was not originally installed with 2 way communications in mind Requires a splitter Normally upload and download speeds are different with download being around 300Kbps Broadband Technology, all signals (channels) on the same cable at the same time Area being served is divided into nodes, about 500 home to a node

16. Types of Connections WebTV Ability to use TV as a Web Browser Hook up for printers and keyboards Work through local points of presence Connects to WebTV network, a VPN Ability to use TV as a Web Browser Hook up for printers and keyboards Work through local points of presence Connects to WebTV network, a VPN Ability to use TV as a Web Browser Hook up for printers and keyboards Work through local points of presence Connects to WebTV network, a VPN

17. Types of Connections Wireless & Satellite Mobile Wireless – Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) data access and can tether device to your computer Bandwidth is about 9.6Kbps Fixed Wireless – Line of site Internet providers bandwidth 2.5 to 2.7Ghz Interference is a problem and access to communications Bluetooth – normally used to connect a device to a computer with access to the Internet. Caution when using Bluetooth. The signal can be intercepted more than a mile away Satellite – Uses satellites to access network. Problems with satellites are latency for signal transmission and reception and also interference. Mobile Wireless – Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) data access and can tether device to your computer Bandwidth is about 9.6Kbps Fixed Wireless – Line of site Internet providers bandwidth 2.5 to 2.7Ghz Interference is a problem and access to communications Bluetooth – normally used to connect a device to a computer with access to the Internet. Caution when using Bluetooth. The signal can be intercepted more than a mile away Satellite – Uses satellites to access network. Problems with satellites are latency for signal transmission and reception and also interference. Mobile Wireless – Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) data access and can tether device to your computer Bandwidth is about 9.6Kbps Fixed Wireless – Line of site Internet providers bandwidth 2.5 to 2.7Ghz Interference is a problem and access to communications Bluetooth – normally used to connect a device to a computer with access to the Internet. Caution when using Bluetooth. The signal can be intercepted more than a mile away Satellite – Uses satellites to access network. Problems with satellites are latency for signal transmission and reception and also interference.

18. Network Address Translation NAT) Used to conceal the true identity of the device on your network from the Internet Use internal network addresses such as a 10.n.n.n address. Router will have an outside IP address that is known to the Internet When you talk to the Internet, the router takes note of your IP address and substitutes its in the network packet and sends it to the Internet When a packet arrives from the Internet, the router inspects it and looks in its internal tables to see where the packet is to be delivered or to what internal IP address Used to conceal the true identity of the device on your network from the Internet Use internal network addresses such as a 10.n.n.n address. Router will have an outside IP address that is known to the Internet When you talk to the Internet, the router takes note of your IP address and substitutes its in the network packet and sends it to the Internet When a packet arrives from the Internet, the router inspects it and looks in its internal tables to see where the packet is to be delivered or to what internal IP address Used to conceal the true identity of the device on your network from the Internet Use internal network addresses such as a 10.n.n.n address. Router will have an outside IP address that is known to the Internet When you talk to the Internet, the router takes note of your IP address and substitutes its in the network packet and sends it to the Internet When a packet arrives from the Internet, the router inspects it and looks in its internal tables to see where the packet is to be delivered or to what internal IP address

19. World Wide Web World Wide Web program had 3 major components Universal Record Locator, address of which the first part tells the program to use www=world wide web, ftp = file transfer protocol Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the client/server protocol that allows text and graphics to be transmitted via TCP/IP. Pages look the same no matter what system is used. Daemon program on server waits for requests Hypertext Markup Language is used to create HTTP World Wide Web pages World Wide Web program had 3 major components Universal Record Locator, address of which the first part tells the program to use www=world wide web, ftp = file transfer protocol Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the client/server protocol that allows text and graphics to be transmitted via TCP/IP. Pages look the same no matter what system is used. Daemon program on server waits for requests Hypertext Markup Language is used to create HTTP World Wide Web pages World Wide Web program had 3 major components Universal Record Locator, address of which the first part tells the program to use www=world wide web, ftp = file transfer protocol Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the client/server protocol that allows text and graphics to be transmitted via TCP/IP. Pages look the same no matter what system is used. Daemon program on server waits for requests Hypertext Markup Language is used to create HTTP World Wide Web pages

20. Client – Server Computing Basic Sequence Server application starts and waits for request Client specifies server location and requests communication Client and Server exchange communications Client and Server terminate communications Common Gateway Interface – connection to a database and allows web content to be dynamic Well-Known Ports 21 FTP 23 Telnet 25 SMTP 37 Time 80 WWW Basic Sequence Server application starts and waits for request Client specifies server location and requests communication Client and Server exchange communications Client and Server terminate communications Common Gateway Interface – connection to a database and allows web content to be dynamic Well-Known Ports 21 FTP 23 Telnet 25 SMTP 37 Time 80 WWW Basic Sequence Server application starts and waits for request Client specifies server location and requests communication Client and Server exchange communications Client and Server terminate communications Common Gateway Interface – connection to a database and allows web content to be dynamic Well-Known Ports 21 FTP 23 Telnet 25 SMTP 37 Time 80 WWW

21. Browsers Controller Calls client or set of clients to retrieve documents from its remote server Interpreter Displays document on the screen by translating HTML Cache Storage of a document in memory or on disk for reuse Controller Calls client or set of clients to retrieve documents from its remote server Interpreter Displays document on the screen by translating HTML Cache Storage of a document in memory or on disk for reuse Controller Calls client or set of clients to retrieve documents from its remote server Interpreter Displays document on the screen by translating HTML Cache Storage of a document in memory or on disk for reuse

22. HTML Web Pages (Page 456) Hypertext Markup Language is the primary language used for web pages Pages Contain Header – one of 2 primary parts to a web page. Contains particular information about the document Body – second primary part to a web page. Holds the data for the web page Tag – Commands that define the way text or layout should appear. Surrounded by < and > signs must be paired, end tag will have a / after < sign. Example <HEAD> </HEAD> Hyperlink Tags – Start with <A HREF> and end with </A> allow you to jump to another page Hypertext Markup Language is the primary language used for web pages Pages Contain Header – one of 2 primary parts to a web page. Contains particular information about the document Body – second primary part to a web page. Holds the data for the web page Tag – Commands that define the way text or layout should appear. Surrounded by < and > signs must be paired, end tag will have a / after < sign. Example <HEAD> </HEAD> Hyperlink Tags – Start with <A HREF> and end with </A> allow you to jump to another page Hypertext Markup Language is the primary language used for web pages Pages Contain Header – one of 2 primary parts to a web page. Contains particular information about the document Body – second primary part to a web page. Holds the data for the web page Tag – Commands that define the way text or layout should appear. Surrounded by < and > signs must be paired, end tag will have a / after < sign. Example <HEAD> </HEAD> Hyperlink Tags – Start with <A HREF> and end with </A> allow you to jump to another page

23. HTML Web Pages (Page 456) Pages Contain IMG Tag – allow graphics to be used using graphics interchange format (GIF) or joint photographic experts group format (JPG) Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) – allow other content to be embedded in a web page such as streaming video Extensible Markup Language (XML) – Web page formatting language. This language is not concerned with format for page presentation but is used for the organization of data on a web page Pages Contain IMG Tag – allow graphics to be used using graphics interchange format (GIF) or joint photographic experts group format (JPG) Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) – allow other content to be embedded in a web page such as streaming video Extensible Markup Language (XML) – Web page formatting language. This language is not concerned with format for page presentation but is used for the organization of data on a web page Pages Contain IMG Tag – allow graphics to be used using graphics interchange format (GIF) or joint photographic experts group format (JPG) Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) – allow other content to be embedded in a web page such as streaming video Extensible Markup Language (XML) – Web page formatting language. This language is not concerned with format for page presentation but is used for the organization of data on a web page

24. EMAIL Started with simple text sending on ARPANET Client-Server architecture Clients such as Eudora, Outlook, Yahoo , MSN Clients organize and display email information and send and attach documents to emails Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) developed to encode and send text and files across the Internet Email Server – manages message stores and user information. Example Exchange Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is the protocol for email traffic, port 25 Email exchange example, See page 461 and 462 Started with simple text sending on ARPANET Client-Server architecture Clients such as Eudora, Outlook, Yahoo , MSN Clients organize and display email information and send and attach documents to emails Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) developed to encode and send text and files across the Internet Email Server – manages message stores and user information. Example Exchange Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is the protocol for email traffic, port 25 Email exchange example, See page 461 and 462 Started with simple text sending on ARPANET Client-Server architecture Clients such as Eudora, Outlook, Yahoo , MSN Clients organize and display email information and send and attach documents to emails Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) developed to encode and send text and files across the Internet Email Server – manages message stores and user information. Example Exchange Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is the protocol for email traffic, port 25 Email exchange example, See page 461 and 462

25. Other Internet Applications/Terms Mailing Lists – broadcast list of people to receive a particular email topic Listserv – (ARPANET days) Everyone on the list of recipients for this list server receives a copy Distribution Lists – groups of people to receive a particular email topic Broadcast Message – message that is sent to all people known to this server Mailing Lists – broadcast list of people to receive a particular email topic Listserv – (ARPANET days) Everyone on the list of recipients for this list server receives a copy Distribution Lists – groups of people to receive a particular email topic Broadcast Message – message that is sent to all people known to this server Mailing Lists – broadcast list of people to receive a particular email topic Listserv – (ARPANET days) Everyone on the list of recipients for this list server receives a copy Distribution Lists – groups of people to receive a particular email topic Broadcast Message – message that is sent to all people known to this server

26. Other Internet Applications/Terms Newsgroups – continuous public, electronic discussion forum Moderated – postings are reviewed before released Non-moderated – postings are made available as soon as they are posted Thread – conversation that is going on and can be read and posted to Internet Relay Chat (IRC) – Use handles to communicate to others on-line. Messages are sent client to client through servers and groups can be involved in the discussion Instant Messaging (IM) – Similar to IRC but can be between 2 people. Client logs into server and communicates with another IM client through the server Newsgroups – continuous public, electronic discussion forum Moderated – postings are reviewed before released Non-moderated – postings are made available as soon as they are posted Thread – conversation that is going on and can be read and posted to Internet Relay Chat (IRC) – Use handles to communicate to others on-line. Messages are sent client to client through servers and groups can be involved in the discussion Instant Messaging (IM) – Similar to IRC but can be between 2 people. Client logs into server and communicates with another IM client through the server Newsgroups – continuous public, electronic discussion forum Moderated – postings are reviewed before released Non-moderated – postings are made available as soon as they are posted Thread – conversation that is going on and can be read and posted to Internet Relay Chat (IRC) – Use handles to communicate to others on-line. Messages are sent client to client through servers and groups can be involved in the discussion Instant Messaging (IM) – Similar to IRC but can be between 2 people. Client logs into server and communicates with another IM client through the server

27. Voice Over IP (VOIP) Telephony over IP-based networks Several Methods to use Client software on you computer which allows you to “call” someone using the software over the Internet. Could be to another user with the same setup or outside of this system (analog phone). Using an analog telephone which is then translated into digital form and hauled over the carriers network and translated back to analog on the other side Implementation of a VOIP telephone system which all phones communicate over the network. Outgoing calls are handed off to the carrier to handle. Telephony over IP-based networks Several Methods to use Client software on you computer which allows you to “call” someone using the software over the Internet. Could be to another user with the same setup or outside of this system (analog phone). Using an analog telephone which is then translated into digital form and hauled over the carriers network and translated back to analog on the other side Implementation of a VOIP telephone system which all phones communicate over the network. Outgoing calls are handed off to the carrier to handle. Telephony over IP-based networks Several Methods to use Client software on you computer which allows you to “call” someone using the software over the Internet. Could be to another user with the same setup or outside of this system (analog phone). Using an analog telephone which is then translated into digital form and hauled over the carriers network and translated back to analog on the other side Implementation of a VOIP telephone system which all phones communicate over the network. Outgoing calls are handed off to the carrier to handle.

28. Voice Over IP (VOIP) Must have plenty of bandwidth Must be able to prioritize VOIP traffic Must be concerned about security both of the data (voice) being transmitted and the software used to implement VOIP Reduction of long distant charges Much more functionality, software clients and integration with email Must have plenty of bandwidth Must be able to prioritize VOIP traffic Must be concerned about security both of the data (voice) being transmitted and the software used to implement VOIP Reduction of long distant charges Much more functionality, software clients and integration with email Must have plenty of bandwidth Must be able to prioritize VOIP traffic Must be concerned about security both of the data (voice) being transmitted and the software used to implement VOIP Reduction of long distant charges Much more functionality, software clients and integration with email

29. Internet Tools File Transfer Protocol (FTP) – Used to move files across the internet. Requires client and server software to be running. Secure FTP should be used to protect data and you should avoid using anonymous FTP Archie – Older tools, index of anonymous FTP sites. Not use much anymore Gopher – Original browser tool and was text based, Not use much anymore Telnet – Terminal-remote host protocol used to connect to another machine. This is a terminal emulation program and use a virtual display and keyboard. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) – Used to move files across the internet. Requires client and server software to be running. Secure FTP should be used to protect data and you should avoid using anonymous FTP Archie – Older tools, index of anonymous FTP sites. Not use much anymore Gopher – Original browser tool and was text based, Not use much anymore Telnet – Terminal-remote host protocol used to connect to another machine. This is a terminal emulation program and use a virtual display and keyboard. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) – Used to move files across the internet. Requires client and server software to be running. Secure FTP should be used to protect data and you should avoid using anonymous FTP Archie – Older tools, index of anonymous FTP sites. Not use much anymore Gopher – Original browser tool and was text based, Not use much anymore Telnet – Terminal-remote host protocol used to connect to another machine. This is a terminal emulation program and use a virtual display and keyboard.

30. Search Tools All provide 3 basic tasks Searching the Internet based on key words or phrases Indexing key words and their locations (URL) Providing links to those URLs Search engine is an indexed database of websites. Spiders crawl through web sites building these lists. Meta data tags are important in generating good information on a page Metasearch Engines are tools that search many search engines are one time. Ex. www.metacrawler.com Subject Directories – Commercial tools or portals like Yahoo! or About.com built by human selection Gateway pages – links to pages that have resource related to a specific topic All provide 3 basic tasks Searching the Internet based on key words or phrases Indexing key words and their locations (URL) Providing links to those URLs Search engine is an indexed database of websites. Spiders crawl through web sites building these lists. Meta data tags are important in generating good information on a page Metasearch Engines are tools that search many search engines are one time. Ex. www.metacrawler.com Subject Directories – Commercial tools or portals like Yahoo! or About.com built by human selection Gateway pages – links to pages that have resource related to a specific topic All provide 3 basic tasks Searching the Internet based on key words or phrases Indexing key words and their locations (URL) Providing links to those URLs Search engine is an indexed database of websites. Spiders crawl through web sites building these lists. Meta data tags are important in generating good information on a page Metasearch Engines are tools that search many search engines are one time. Ex. www.metacrawler.com Subject Directories – Commercial tools or portals like Yahoo! or About.com built by human selection Gateway pages – links to pages that have resource related to a specific topic

31. Review Questions 1. CERT was created after the Morris worm infected 10 percent of the Internet's online hosts in 1989. a. True b. False Quiz 9. 4. AQuiz 9. 4. A

32. Review Questions 2. Bandwidth options to connect to the Internet include _______ and _______. a. ISDN b. DSL c. Satellite Radio d. TV Quiz 9. 5. A BQuiz 9. 5. A B

33. Review Questions 3. The _____ _____ _____ is the wealth of information attached to the Internet and accessible because of its three major components: URL, HTTP, and HTML. a. country b. web c. wide d. conversation Quiz 9. 6. BCDQuiz 9. 6. BCD

34. Review Questions 4. The main disadvantage of VoIP has been latency, which causes poor voice quality. a. True b. False Quiz 9. 7. AQuiz 9. 7. A

35. Review Questions 5. The “killer ap” of internetworking since its earliest days was _____________. a. FTP b. e-mail c. instant messaging d. inquiry of customer’s sales records Final 29. BFinal 29. B

36. Review Questions 6. J.C.R. Licklider’s contribution to internetworking was important because ______. a. his ideas inspired later developments b. he created the first RFC c. his inventions were the basis for Ethernet d. his money funded computer research Final 30. AFinal 30. A

37. Review Questions 7. The thousands of databases on the Internet that cannot be located by search engines are collectively called ______________. a. subject directories b. portals c. the hidden Web d. the invisible Web Final 31. DFinal 31. D

38. Review Questions 8. When a URL does not contain a filename after the slash mark, the Web server automatically delivers the default file, which is most often called __________. a. mypage.html b. index.html c. index.com d. www.html Final 32. BFinal 32. B

39. Review Questions 9. Extensible markup language (XHTML) is ________________. a. being replaced by XML b. made obsolete by HTML c. a hybrid of XML and HTML d. unrelated to XML and HTML Final 44. CFinal 44. C

40. Review Questions 10. An organization that charges a fee to connect subscribers to its own Internetconnected servers, providing a gateway to the Internet, is called ___________. a. a common carrier b. a telephone company c. a packet carrier d. an ISP Final 45. DFinal 45. D

41. Homework Assignment: Due Next Week Review: Chapter 15, pp. 416-445 Chapter 16, pp. 450-480 Read: Chapter 17, pp. 488-515 Chapter 19, pp. 544-573 Complete: Multiple Choice Questions 1-10 on pp. 481-483 Assignment: Due August 14, 2009 at 9 am Review: Chapter 15, pp. 416-445 Chapter 16, pp. 450-480 Read: Chapter 17, pp. 488-515 Chapter 19, pp. 544-573 Complete: Assignment 8.1 Assignment: Due August 14, 2009 at 9 am Review: Chapter 15, pp. 416-445 Chapter 16, pp. 450-480 Read: Chapter 17, pp. 488-515 Chapter 19, pp. 544-573 Complete: Assignment 8.1