Early Man & the Beginnings of Civilization

1. Early Man & the Beginnings of Civilization

2. Big Question: What more than anything shaped the lives of early humans???

3. Important Words • Prehistory: • Hominid: • Anthropologist: • Paleontologist: • Archaeologist: • Artifact: • Carbon Dating: • Culture: • Technology: BUT...

4. Hominids • Australopithecus: • Homo Habilis: • Homo Erectus: • Homo Sapiens/Neanderthal • Homo Sapiens/Sapiens-CroMagnon

5. Australopithecus Afarensis • Time Period and Location • 4 million to 1 million BCE • Primarily found in East Africa

6. Australopithecus Afarensis • Appearance • Brain 1/3 size of modern humans  • Long arms, but humanlike legs. Walked upright • Capabilities and Skills • Bipedal: walked on two feet • Small social groups • Nomadic: travelled from place to place in search of food

7. LUCY • When: • Where: • What: • Who discovered her? http://science.discovery.com/videos/100-greatest-discoveries-shorts-lucy.html

8. Australopithecus afarensis Pictures from the museum in Ethiopia January 2011

9. Homo Habilis "Handy Man"

10. Homo habilis • Also known as “Handy Man” • Time Period and Location • 2.5-1.5 million BCE • Africa • Fossil Discoveries • Various pieces found around Africa from 1959 on • 1987: partial skeleton discovered by Johanson

11. Homo Habilis • Appearance • Face like AA, but larger brain • Apelike arms • Capabilities and Skills • Scavenger: gathered plants and ate meat • First to use stone tools • Cut meat and crack bones

12. Homo Erectus "Upright Man"

13. Homo erectus • Time Period and Location • 1.6 million-30,000 BCE • Asia, Africa, Europe • Fossil Discoveries • Various discoveries in Asia and Africa throughout 20th century

14. Homo erectus • Also known as “Upright Man” • Appearance • Large brain • Fully upright stance • Capabilities and Skills • Developed new ways of using tools • Digging, scraping • First group to control/use FIRE • First thought to create spoken/oral language

15. Homo sapiens neanderthalensis (Neanderthals) • Time Period and Location • 100,000 to 400,000 yrs ago • Europe, western Asia and the Near East • Fossil Discoveries • First hominid skeletons found extensively in Europe (Germany, France)

16. Homo sapiens neanderthalensis (Neanderthals) • Appearance • Brain larger than modern humans • Stocky and short-limbed • Capabilities and skills • Hunters and gatherers • Sophisticated tools (stone knives, spears) • Fire for protection and cooking • Burials for the dead • Nomadic

17. Homo sapiens sapiens(Cro-Magnons) • Time Period and Location • 100,000 yrs ago to the present • Over time—all around the world • Fossil Discoveries • 1860s: First discovered in France • First early modern human

18. Homo sapiens sapiens(Cro-Magnons) • Appearance • Large brain • Relatively slender bones • Skills • Hunters and gatherers • Men: meat • Women: berries • Advanced tools using bone, antler, and ivy • Nomadic • Cave paintings

19. http://www.lascaux.culture.fr/#/en/02_02.xml

20. Stone Age & Ice Ages Stone Age: 3 Parts (but we will only learn 2) Ice Ages • Paleolithic: Old stone age 2.5 million years ago-12,000 BCE • Neolithic: New stone age 8,000BCE- 5,000BCE • When:2 million years ago • Effects:: As we get more ice the oceans begin to sink. As the oceans sink land is exposed. This created 4 large land bridges: • Japan and Korea were connected • Great Britain and Ireland were connected to Europe • Malay Peninsula-Indonesian Islands and Australia were connected • Asia and North America were connected • Human Responses: (1) migration to warmer places (2) new ideas for keeping warm, fire, clothes (3) none=death!

21. Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age) --begins with the start of Early Man • People were nomadic • Invention of the first tools • Learned how to make fire • Lived in clans • Developed oral language • Created “cave art”

22. And then something happened… • What major advancement by man led to the advancement of civilization? • Settled agriculture • How did it happen? • Warmer climates led to more crop growth • Why did it help man? • Agriculture led to permanent settlements STOP: North turn to South – explain this! South turn to North – what else may happen?

23. Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) Definition: Began about 10,000 years ago (8,000 BCE) • Developed agriculture • Domesticated animals • Used advanced tools • Made pottery • Developed weaving skills Çatalhöyük: Neolithic settlement currently under excavation in Anatolia (modern Turkey)

24. Social Consequences of Agriculture

25. Jericho and Catal Huyuk • Firstvillage…that we have discovered. Probably had around 200 people or so. • Jericho began around…8000 BCE in the West Bank region. Fertile land and abundant water • CatalHuyuk began around…7000-6300 BCE in Turkey. Possibly housed up to 6,000 people. Houses were windowless and had flat roofs. WHY?

26. Technological Advances • Plow: domesticated oxen to plow • Fertilizer: ashes, fish, manure • Loom: weaving: linen and wool • Wheel: transportation • Baked clay bricks: construction • Calendars: measure seasons for planting

27. Civilization Definition: 6 Characteristics • Cities: grew out of Neolithic farming villages in river valleys where resources were close enough to allow development • Governments: (1) to organize defense (2) to make laws to regulate behavior and (3) to supervise construction of public buildings and projects • Religion: to explain the workings of nature and the reasons for existence (2) often used by the rulers to justify their decisions • Family: provides new membership • 5.Economy: Provides GOODS and SERVICES (2) New Social Structure based on Economic Power develops: (1) Monarchs, priests, government officials, warriors (2) farmers, artisans and craftspeople (3) slaves • 6.Education: (1) train new members (2) writing develops: primarily for record keeping