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Unit I Beginnings of Civilization

World History. Unit I Beginnings of Civilization. Pre-History. History. Refers to the time before written records. How do you think we figure out what happened before records were kept? Today how do we figure out happened if there is no fixed record? (For instance at a crime scene.).

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Unit I Beginnings of Civilization

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  1. World History Unit I Beginnings of Civilization

  2. Pre-History History • Refers to the time before written records. • How do you think we figure out what happened before records were kept? • Today how do we figure out happened if there is no fixed record? (For instance at a crime scene.) • History is what we found through primary resources. • So what are Primary Resources? • What is their advantage over Secondary sources? What is history vs. pre-history?

  3. B.C. & A.D. • Commonly used system of measuring time based on the birth of Christianity. • What are the problems with this system? • B.C.E. & C.E. • Same years, more politically correct terminology. • B.C.E. = Before Common Era (the same as B.C.) • C.E. = Common Era (the same as A.D.) Quick historical terminology note.

  4. Archaeologists are scientists who learn about early people by excavating and studying traces of early civilizations. • Evidence is gathered through archaeological digs. • Artifacts are pieces found at digs. • From this archaeologists use evidentiary guesswork. • Think prehistoric CSI. How do we figure out what happened in prehistoric times?

  5. Means “Old Stone Age” • Made Tools • They were Nomadic (moved from place to place.) • Men = hunted. • Women = gathered. The Paleolithic Age2,500,000 B.C.E - 10,000 B.C.E.

  6. Evolution of Man

  7. What are Hominids? Hominids are creatures that walk upright. They have opposable thumbs.

  8. 1974 in Ethiopia a female hominid skeleton was found. “Lucy” was about 3.5 million years old. Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds

  9. The female skeleton, nicknamed Ardi, is 4.4 million years old, 1.2 million years older than the skeleton of Lucy. discovered in Ethiopia. Ardi displaces Lucy as oldest hominid skeleton

  10. Ardi

  11. Homo Habilis (Man of Skill) 1st hominid to use tools (Lava Rock) East Africa about 2.5 million years ago The 1st toolmaker & the technology of upright man.

  12. Homo Erectus (Upright Man) Adapted tools to meet needs. 1.6 million years ago 1st to migrate out of Africa

  13. Are hominids but are NOT ancestors of modern humans. Powerfully built, well developed muscles, thick bones. Lived between 200,000 and 30,000 years ago. 1st to develop religious beliefs and rituals (Funeral Sites) Neanderthal

  14. neanderthal

  15. Homo Sapiens

  16. Appeared about 40,000 years ago . Identical to modern humans. Planned their hunts, studied animal habits and stalked their prey. Advanced hunting and language skills allowed them to survive easier. CroMagnon

  17. Cromagnon

  18. CroMagnon

  19. Earth is warmer. Ideal for farming. Anyone have an idea? End of the ICE Age

  20. The end of the Ice Age led to the rise of Agriculture. Part of Agriculture was the domestication of animals. Some were used for labor, some were raised for food. As people farmed more they got better at it and better farming techniques like irrigation led to a surplus of food. What changes could this surplus cause? Neolithic Revolution

  21. Most historians agree that the 1st civilization began in Mesopotamia. The city of Sumer. Unification of the villages benefited from shared resources, trade, and alliances. How would sharing these things be beneficial? First Civilizations Emerge

  22. Civilizations share five characteristics. • Advanced Cities – centers of trade for a larger area. • Specialized Workers – Traders, Government, Priests, and Artisans (skilled workers that made goods by hand) • Complex Institutions – Growing populations needed a system of ruling the civilization (economy & religion). • Record Keeping – Most civilizations developed a system of writing to keep records. Scribes were professional record keepers. • Advanced Technology – necessary to make complex life more livable. What are the Characteristics of a Civilization?

  23. Ancient Egypt - Geography • Location: Egypt • Supported by Nile River. • Nile flooded regularly. • Upper and Lower Egypt • Surrounded by natural barriers. Deserts.

  24. Religion – believed in the afterlife • Religion: Polytheistic Ra – Jackal, the Sun God Horus – Hawk, the Sky God • Believed in Reincarnation.

  25. Type of Writing: Hieroglyphics, Pictographs (Rosetta Stone) • Government: Theocracy Menes united Upper & Lower Pharaoh was a God and a King Responsible for all good & bad in Egypt. • Economic System: Agrarian – mostly specialized in Religion & Architecture. • Educational System: To win the highest positions, one must be able to read and write. Nile River Civilization

  26. Architecture: Pyramids, Massive Sculptures Valley of the Kings • Major Books: Paprus = Paper • Other Contributions: System of Written Numbers 365 Days a year 12 Months with 30 days each 5 Days for Holidays Nile River continued

  27. Type of Writing: First System of Writing Cuniform – 3000 B.C.E. Scribes were record keepers • Government: City-State At first priests ruled gradually military leaders took control • Economic System: Traded grain, cloth & crafted tools for wood, stone & metal. Finished goods for Raw Materials. • Educational System: Few female scribes. Upper Class boys taught to read & write Tigris-Euphrates Valley (Mesopotamia & Sumeria)

  28. Religion: Polytheistic Each city-state had its own God. • Architecture: Ziggurats large pyramid like structure Sun dried mud bricks • Major Books: The Code of Hammurabi The Epic of Gilgamesh • Other Contributions: Wheel, Sail, Plow, Irrigation First with 60 seconds in a minute. 360 degrees in a circle. Mesopotamia (Sumer)

  29. Civilizations need laws. • Babylonian Empire – took over Mesopotamia. • Hammurabi’s laws • 282 specific laws dealing with everything that affected the community. • Reinforced the principle that government had a responsibility for what occurred in society. Hammurabi’s Code

  30. Type of Writing: Pictographs Most likely no written language • Government: Organized and relatively peaceful Strong Central Government • Economic System: Agrarian, Based on Trade Prosperous (Wooden Toys found) • Educational System: Unknown Indus River Valley

  31. Religion: Similar to modern Indian religion Mother Goddess, Fertility Gods, Cattle worship • Architecture: Advanced Indoor plumbing, sewer system • Major Books: Unknown • Other Contributions: Unknown Mysterious disappearance around 1500 B.C.E. Indus River Valley / Mohejo-Daro

  32. Type of Writing: Pictographs, every word was a different character • Government: Dynastic with a powerful central King Feudal System justified by the “Mandate of Heaven” • Economic System: Trade Coins used most likely to barter. • Educational System: Noble Class learned to read and write Chinese River Civilizations (Huang He and Yellow River )

  33. Religion: Family is linked to religion Worship of Gods, Ancestors and Spirits • Architecture: Bronze Sculptures • Major Books: Unknown • Other Contributions: Silk and Fabrics Chinese River Civilization

  34. Village Game

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